Barium

From Free net encyclopedia

Barium is also the Latin name for the city Bari in Italy.

Barium is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Ba and atomic number 56. A soft silvery metallic element, barium is an alkaline earth metal and melts at a very high temperature. Its oxide is historically known as baryta but is never found in nature in its pure form due to its reactivity with air. The commonest naturally occurring minerals are the very insoluble sulfate baryte, Ba(SO₄), and carbonate witherite, Ba(CO₃).

1 Notable characteristics
2 Applications
3 History
4 Occurrence
5 Compounds
6 Isotopes
7 Precautions
8 External links

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Notable characteristics

Barium is a metallic element that is chemically similar to calcium but more reactive. This metal oxidizes very easily when exposed to air and is highly reactive with water or alcohol, producing hydrogen gas. Burning in air or oxygen produces not just the oxide BaO but also the peroxide. Simple compounds of this heavy element are notable for their high specific gravity. This is true of the commonest barium-bearing mineral, its sulfate baryte Ba(SO₄), also called 'heavy spar' due to the high density (4.5 g/cm³).

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Applications

Barium has many industrial uses:

An alloy with nickel is used in sparkplug wire.
Barium oxide is used in a coating for the electrodes of fluorescent lamps, which facilitates the release of electrons.
The metal is a "getter" in vacuum tubes, to remove the last races of oxygen.
Barium sulfate is a good X-ray absorber, used in X-ray diagnostic work for obtaining images of the digestive system ("barium meals" and "barium enemas").
Barium carbonate is used in glassmaking. Being a heavy element, barium increases the refractive index and luster of the glass.
Barite is used extensively as a weighting agent in oil well drilling fluids and in rubber production.
Barium carbonate is a useful rat poison and can also be used bricks.
Barium nitrate and chlorate give green colors in fireworks.
Impure barium sulfide phosphoresces after exposure to the light.
Lithopone, a pigment that contains barium sulfate and zinc sulfide, is a permanent white that has good covering power, and does not darken in when exposed to sulfides.
Barium peroxide can be used as a catalyst to start an aluminothermic reaction when welding rail tracks together.

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History

Barium (Greek "barys" meaning "heavy") was first identified in 1774 by Carl Scheele and extracted in 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy in England. The oxide was at first called barote, by Guyton de Morveau, which was changed by Antoine Lavoisier to baryta, from which "barium" was derived to describe the metal.

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Occurrence

Because barium quickly becomes oxidized in air, it is difficult to obtain this metal in its pure form. It is primarily found in and extracted from the mineral baryte which is crystalized barium sulfate. Barium is commercially produced through the electrolysis of molten barium chloride (BaCl₂) Isolation (* follow):

(cathode) Ba²⁺* + 2e^- → Ba (anode) Cl^-* → ½Cl₂ (g) + e^-

See also barium minerals.

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Compounds

The most important compounds are barium peroxide, chloride, sulfate, carbonate, nitrate, and chlorate.

See also barium compounds.

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Isotopes

Naturally occurring barium is a mix of seven stable isotopes. There are twenty-two isotopes known, but most of these are highly radioactive and have half-lifes in the several millisecond to several minute range. The only notable exception is ¹³³Ba which has a half-life of 10.51 years.

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Precautions

All water or acid soluble barium compounds are extremely poisonous. Barium sulfate can be used in medicine only because it does not dissolve, and is eliminated completely from the digestive tract. Unlike other heavy metals, barium does not bioaccumulate. [1]

Oxidation occurs very easily and, to remain pure, barium should be kept under a petroleum-based fluid (such as kerosene) or other suitable oxygen-free liquids that exclude air.

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