Communist Party of China

From Free net encyclopedia

The Communist Party of China (CPC) (official name) or Chinese Communist Party (CCP) (Template:Zh-stp) is the ruling political party of the People's Republic of China. The party was founded in 1921, and fought the Kuomintang during the Chinese Civil War, which ended with the party's victory in the Chinese Revolution. With more than 70 million members, the CPC is the largest political party in the world.

From The Sixties until the death of its principal leader, Mao Zedong, the CPC was the main inspiration for the worldwide communist social movement. During the 1960s and 1970s its ideas and policies, which came to be known as "Mao Zedong Thought", represented a powerful branch of communism that existed in opposition to the Soviet Union's "revisionism". Following the death of Mao in 1976, however, the CPC moved towards Socialism with Chinese characteristics and instituted Chinese economic reform. Today, largely due to these changes in policy, the CPC is generally considered to have lost the influence it had a generation ago. Its current policies are fiercely rejected as capitalist by most communists, especially anti-revisionists, and by adherents of Chinese Neo-Leftism from within the PRC. Today, college-educated people within the People's Republic of China are said to be more likely to join because of economic benefits from membership.

The CPC both practices and supports a single-party state form of government. In periods of relative political liberalization, the influence of people and organizations outside the formal party structure has tended to increase, but such opportunities have vacillated repeatedly over time. Since the 1980s, as its commitment to Marxist ideology has appeared to wane, the party has begun to increasingly invoke Chinese nationalism as a legitimizing principle as opposed to the socialist construction for which the party was originally created. The change from socialism to nationalism has also had the interesting side effect of having pleased the CCP's former enemy the Kuomintang, which has warmed its relations with the CPC since 2003. Template:Fact

1 Brief history
2 Role within the People's Republic of China
3 Organization
4 Criticism and support
5 Current members of the Central Committee
6 List of leaders of the Communist Party of China
7 See also
8 External links

[edit]

Brief history

Image:Flag of the Chinese Communist Party.svg The CPC was initially founded by Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao in Shanghai in 1921 as a study society and an informal network. There were informal groups in China in 1920, and also overseas, but the official beginning was the 1st Congress in June 1921, attended by 12 men. Mao Zedong was present as one of two delegates from a Hunan Communist group, which had maybe 10 members out of 53 for all China.

Under the guidance of the Soviet Union, the party was reorganized along Leninist lines in 1923, while party members were encouraged to join the Kuomintang as individual members in preparation for the Northern Expedition.

The party was very small at first, but grew intermittently through the first Chinese Revolution of 1925-27, which failed. Even during that revolution, which was far before the rapid growth of the 1940s and 1950s, the party was the largest Communist Party in the world, larger even than the CPSU. With the collapse of the revolution in 1927 the party was massacered at the hands of the Kuomintang with more than 4 in 5 members being killed. The only major section of the party which survived was the section built around Mao Zedong, which through its loyalty to the Comintern line and short-lived strategic "alliances" with the Kuomintang, was able to survive the slaughter. Mao Zedong achieved success using Mobile Warfare, which was at first rejected by the leadership and then resumed on the famous Long March. The outside world first got a clear view of the Chinese Communists through Edgar Snow's Red Star Over China.

After 1945, the civil war resumed and the Kuomintang collapsed, marking the Chinese Revolution whence Mao proclaimed the People's Republic of China in Beijing in October 1949.

[edit]

Role within the People's Republic of China

The CPC is one of the three centers of power within the People's Republic of China, the other two being the state apparatus and the People's Liberation Army. It is the main center of power in the PRC.

The relationship between party and state is somewhat different than that of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, in which the party controlled the state. In the current PRC structure, power derives from the state position, but key state positions are invariably held by members of the party and the party through its organization department makes crucial decisions on who occupies what position. However, in contrast to the Soviet situation where the party had extra-legal authority, since the early-1990's, it is has been established that the party is subject to rule of law and is therefore subject to the authority of the state and the Constitution of the People's Republic of China.

[edit]

Organization

The party's organizational structure was destroyed during the Cultural Revolution and rebuilt afterwards by Deng Xiaoping, who subsequently initiated "Socialism with Chinese characteristics" and brought all state apparatuses back under the control of the CPC.

Theoretically, the party's highest body is the National Congress of the Communist Party of China, which meets at least once every 5 years. The primary organs of power in the Communist Party which are listed in the party constitution include:

The Politburo Standing Committee, which currently consists of nine members;
The Politburo, consisting of 22 full members (including the members of the Politburo Standing Committee);
The Secretariat, the principal administrative mechanism of the CPC, headed by the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China;
The Central Military Commission (a parallel organization of the government institution of the same name);
The Discipline Inspection Commission, which is charged with rooting out corruption and malfeasance among party cadres.

Other central organizations include

The International Liaison Department
The United Front Work Department
The Organization Department
The Propaganda Department

Also important are "leading small groups," which are committees of high ranking party members within state agencies. These can be extremely powerful, particularly in the area of foreign policy.

Every five years, the Communist Party of China holds a National Congress. Formally, the Congress serves two functions: to approve changes to the Party constitution and to elect a Central Committee, about 300 strong. The Central Committee in turn elects the Politburo. In practice, positions within the Central Committee and Politburo are determined before a Party Congress, and the main purpose of the Congress is to announce the party policies and vision for the direction of China in the following few years.

The party's central locus of power is the Politburo Standing Committee. The process for selecting Standing Committee members, as well as Politburo members, occurs behind the scenes in a process parallel to the National Congress. The new power structure is announced obliquely through the positioning of portraits in the People's Daily, the official newspaper of the Party. The number of Standing Committee members varies and has tended to increase over time. The Committee was expanded to nine at the 16th Party National Congress in 2002.

There are two other key organs of political power in the People's Republic of China: the formal government and the People's Liberation Army.

There are, in addition to decision-making roles, advisory committees, including the People's Political Consultative Conference. During the 1980s and 1990s there was a Central Advisory Commission established by Deng Xiaoping which consisted of senior retired leaders, but with their passing this has been abolished.

[edit]

Criticism and support

There is a variety of opinions about the Communist Party of China, and opinions about the CPC often create unexpected political alliances and divisions. For example, many chief executive officers of Western companies tend to have favorable impressions of the CPC, while many revolutionary Maoists and other Marxists have strongly negative opinions. A few Trotskyists argue that the party lost its Marxist credentials in the 1920s and adhered to a state capitalist political doctrine. Opinions about the CPC also create very strong divisions among groups normally ideologically united such as conservatives in the United States.

Many of the unexpected opinions about the CPC result from its rare combination of attributes as a party formally based on Marxism which has overseen a dynamic market economy, yet maintains an authoritarian political system.

Supporters of Tibetan nationalism, the Republic of China on Taiwan, and Taiwan independence, neoconservatives in the United States and Japan, along with most left-wing forces in those same countries, are among the groups which have opposed the CPC government as a single-party state regime.

In addition, American neoconservatives sometimes argue that the Communist Party of China is a grave threat to peace because of its authoritarian nature, its adherence to a military build up, and threats made to Taiwan.

Some of the opponents of the Party within the Chinese democracy movement have tended not to argue that a strong Chinese state is inherently bad, but rather that the Communist leadership is corrupt. Chinese Neo-Leftism, meanwhile, is a current within China that seeks to "revert China to the socialist road" -- i.e., to return China to the days after Mao but before the reforms of Deng Xiaoping and his successors.

Another school of thought argues that the worst of the abuses took place decades ago, and that the current leadership is not only unconnected with them, but were actually victims of that era. They have also argued that while the modern Communist Party may be flawed, it is comparatively better than previous regimes, with respect to improving the general standard of living, than any other government that has governed China in the past century and can be put in more favorable light against most governments of the developing nations. However, farmers and other rural people have been marginalized, and their standard of living and national influence have been greatly reduced.

Finally, some supporters have been argued that despite its flaws, the Communist Party is better than its alternatives, and that a sudden transition to democracy would result in the economic and political upheaval that occurred in the Soviet Union in the 1990s, and that by focusing on economic growth, China is setting the stage for a more gradual but more sustainable transition to a more liberal system. This group sees Mainland China as being similar to Spain in the 1960s, and South Korea and Taiwan during the 1970s.

As with the first group, this school of thought brings together some unlikely political allies. Not only are most members of the Chinese government members of this school of thinking, but it also include business concerns in the United States and pro-free trade liberals.

[edit]

Current members of the Central Committee

The Members of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China are (as of 2003):

Hu Jintao - President of the People's Republic of China, General Secretary of the CPC.
Wu Bangguo - Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
Wen Jiabao - Premier of the State Council of the People's Republic of China
Jia Qinglin - Chairman of the People's Political Consultative Conference
Zeng Qinghong - Vice President of the People's Republic of China
Huang Ju - Vice Premier, State Council
Wu Guanzheng - Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection
Li Changchun - no other positions held, known to many as the propaganda chief
Luo Gan - Political and Legislative Affairs Committee secretary

Members of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central committee:

Wang Lequan, Wang Zhaoguo, Hui Liangyu, Liu Qi, Liu Yunshan, Li Changchun, Wu Yi, Wu Bangguo, Wu Guanzheng, Zhang Lichang, Zhang Dejiang, Chen Liangyu, Luo Gan, Zhou Yongkang, Hu Jintao, Yu Zhengsheng, He Guoqiang, Jia Qinglin, Guo Boxiong, Huang Ju, Cao Gangchuan, Zeng Qinghong, Zeng Peiyan, Wen Jiabao.

Alternate member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee: Wang Gang

Members of Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee: Zeng Qinghong, Liu Yunshan, Zhou Yongkang, He Guoqiang, Wang Gang, Xu Caihou, He Yong.

[edit]

List of leaders of the Communist Party of China

[edit]

List of Chairmen of the Communist Party of China

Chen Duxiu (1922-1925)
Mao Zedong (1945-1976)
Hua Guofeng (1976-1981)
Hu Yaobang (1981-1982)

The list ends here because the position was abolished in 1982. Since 1980, the General Secretary has been the most powerful position in the party.

[edit]

List of General Secretaries of the CPC Central Committee

Chen Duxiu (1921-1922; 1925-1928)
Xiang Zhongfa (1928-1931)
Li Lisan, acting (1929-1930)
Wang Ming, acting (1931)
Bo Gu, aka Qin Bangxian (1932-1935)
Zhang Wentian, aka Luo Fu (1935-1943)
Deng Xiaoping (1956-1966)
Ren Rong (1971-1980)
Hu Yaobang (1980-1987)
Zhao Ziyang (1987-1989)
Jiang Zemin (1989-2002)
Hu Jintao (since 2002)

Prior to the abolition of the post of Chairman in 1982, the General Secretary served more of a bureaucratic role subordinate to the Chairman.

[edit]

CCP Renunciations and Controversy

The Epoch Times claims that over 7.8 million CCP members have "resigned" from the party, due to the publication of "Nine Commentaries on the CCP" (video available on http://www.ntdtv.com/xtr/eng/9p/default.htm ) and its subsequent call to CCP members to "erase the beastly brand". This number is widely disputed, as anyone regardless of Chinese citizenship or CCP membership can resign more than once, and has been accused by some to be an online petition rather than serious political activity. Submissions include anonymous and unverifiable online signatures and public declarations for people inside mainland China unable to access the online website due to censorship. The count actually includes any renunciations of past or current association with any CCP-affiliated organization. At their Chinese language renunciation website [1], it was stated that 'the evils of the Communist Cult will be punished by God at Judgment Day', and called members of the CCP to burn Communist memorabilia. However such renunciations are not recognised as valid by the CCP, as they are not conducted through the proper channels via the party.

The Epoch Times has also reported severe unrest in China as a direct result of the publication of their "Commentaries", but no major news outlet has verified the paper's claims concerning the effects of the "Commentaries". The extent of the paper's effect on Chinese politics is unclear, as no major CCP official in either the central or regional governments has ever resigned because of the "Commentaries".

[edit]