Derailleur gears
From Free net encyclopedia
Derailleur gears are a transmission system commonly used on bicycles, consisting of a chain, multiple sprockets and a mechanism to move the chain from one sprocket to another. Although almost universally referred to as gears, bicycle gears should properly be referred to as sprockets since they are driven by a chain and not by one another.
Modern derailleurs typically consist of a parallelogram-shaped mech device that is operated by a Bowden cable attached to a shift lever mounted on the down tube, handlebar stem, or handlebar. When a rider operates the lever, the changes in cable tension move the derailleur from side to side, "derailing" the chain onto different gears. The rear derailleur has two pulleys that the chain rolls on to guide the chain to the selected sprocket and maintain chain tension. These are known as the guide pulley (top) and the tension pulley (bottom). Together they are commonly referred to as the jockey pulleys or wheels. The front derailleur has a cage that should touch the chain only while shifting front chainrings.
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History
Template:Transmission types Various derailleur systems were designed and built in the late 1800s. The French bicycle tourist, writer and cycling promoter Paul de Vivie, aka Velocio, (1853-1930) invented a two speed derailleur in 1905 which he used on extensive forays into the Alps. Some early designs used a system of rods to move the chain onto various gears. Derailleurs did not become common road racing equipment until 1938 when Simplex introduced their cable shifted derailleur. In the early 1950s the cable-operated, parallelogram variety used on today's bicycles was introduced by Tullio Campagnolo, who also invented the quick release skewer for attaching the wheels. With Campagnolo's introduction of the parallelogram front derailleur, Campagnolo became the standard for high quality derailleurs and for several decades true racing bicycles were all Campy, meaning that drivetrain groupset — the derailleurs, shifters, hub, cassette and chain — were all manufactured by the Campagnolo company. Today, Japanese manufacturer Shimano also make derailleur systems for racing and mountain bikes, while American manufacturer SRAM specializes in derailleur systems for mountain bikes only.
In 1964, Suntour invented the slant-parallelogram rear derailleur, which allows the jockey wheels to maintain a more constant distance from the different sized sprockets, resulting in easier shifting. Once the patents expired, the other manufacturers adopted this design at least for their better derailleurs.
Modern derailleur types
Image:Shimano-xt-front-derailleur.jpg
The major innovations since then have been the switch from friction to index shifting and the gradual increase in the number of gears. With friction shifting, the rider first moves the lever enough for the chain to jump to the next sprocket, and then adjusts the lever a slight amount to center the chain. An index shifter has distinct clicks for each gear, and the rider merely moves the lever to the click they want without a second adjustment movement. On racing bicycles, 10-gear rear cassettes are appearing as of 2004 for a total of 20 gears. Most current mountain bicycles have three front chainrings; while road bicycles built for racing still have only two chainrings as a weight-saving measure, and because the smallest chainring is useless to an elite cyclist on roads.
Derailleur gears are the most common type of gears used on bicycles today.
- High-normal rear derailleurs when no cable tension is applied will return to the smallest cog on the cassette. Most Shimano mountain, all Shimano road, and all SRAM and Campagnolo derailleurs are high-normal designs.
- Low-normal rear derailleurs for mountain bikes are manufactured by Shimano. These derailleurs, introduced in 2004 in the XT and XTR groups maintain position over the largest cog on the cassette when no cable tension is applied. From a user interface point of view they shift opposite to other mountain bike derailleurs. The user 'clicks' the index finger trigger to move to a larger cog, and pushes with the thumb trigger to select a smaller cog.
- The distance between the upper and lower jockey wheels of a rear derailleur is known as the cage length. The capacity of a derailleur to take up chain slack is dependent on its cage length. This varies depending on the size difference between the largest and smallest rings on the crankset. Typical cross country mountain bikes with three front chainrings will use a long cage rear derailleur. Shimano and Campagnolo road derailleurs are available in either short or long cage versions, for use with double or triple front cranksets. Some mountain bike derailleurs are also available in an extra-short cage length, typically used with a single fixed front ring such as found on downhill mountain bikes.
Image:Shimano LX front derailleur e-type.JPG
- E-Type front derailleurs are attached to the frame by a plate mounted under the drive side bottom bracket cup and a screw threaded into a boss on the seat tube. These derailleurs are usually found on mountain bikes with four or more inches of rear suspension travel.
Alternative gear systems
An alternative type of gear system used on bicycles is hub gears, which were popular on utility bikes until the 1970s, when derailleur systems became available in lower-priced bikes. Hub gears are still very popular in Europe, as the gear can be changed when the bike is stationary, which makes them suitable for riding in city traffic with lots of stops and starts. The gears are also enclosed in the hub, and consequently require less maintenance. However, they usually have a smaller number of transmission ratios (i.e. speeds), although lately a 14 speed internal hub gearing system became available, with a gear range as wide as a mountain bike's 27-speed derailleur system, the Rohloff Speedhub
Multi-speed versus single-speed
Fixed-gear and single-speed cyclists eschew the use of derailleurs, favoring a simpler, more rugged configuration, with fewer or no cables. They enjoy quoting Henri Desgrange, the founder of the Tour de France:
- "I still feel that variable gears are only for people over forty-five. Isn't it better to triumph by the strength of your muscles than by the artifice of a derailer? We are getting soft...As for me, give me a fixed gear!" (L'Équipe article of 1902)
References
- The Dancing Chain - History and Development of the Derailleur Bicycle. Frank Berto, Ron Shepard, and Raymond Henry. 2000. Van der Plas Publications, San Francisco, CA. ISBN 1-892495-21-X
See also
- Rotor system
- Single speed bicycle
- Fixed gear bicycle
- List of bicycle parts
- Shifter (bicycle part)
- Gear inches
- Bicycle gearing