Bomb

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For other uses, see Bomb (disambiguation).

Image:MOAB bomb.jpg A bomb is an explosive device that, although not containing more energy than ordinary fuel, except in the case of a nuclear weapon, generates and releases its energy very rapidly, as a violent, destructive shock wave. It is usually some kind of container filled with explosive material, designed to cause random destruction when set off. The word comes from the Greek word βόμβος (bombos), an onomatopoetic term with approximately the same meaning as "boom" in English.

These are first and foremost weapons; the term "bomb" is not usually applied to explosive devices used for civilian purposes, such as construction or mining, although the people using the devices may or may not sometimes refer to them as bombs. Many military explosive devices are not called "bombs". The military mostly calls airdropped, unpowered explosive weapons "bombs," and such bombs are normally used by air forces and naval aviation. Other military explosive devices are called grenades, such as hand grenades), shells, depth charges, warheads when in missiles, or land mines.

They have been used for centuries in warfare and are a central part of a terrorist's arsenal. They fall into three distinct categories: conventional if filled with chemical explosives, dispersive if filled with submunitions, chemicals or other disruptive agents which are spread on or shortly before impact, or nuclear if relying on nuclear fission or nuclear fusion for their effect.

Image:TimeBombInAPipe.jpg

Experts commonly distinguish between civilian and military bombs. The latter are almost always mass-produced weapons, developed and constructed to a standard design out of standard components and intended to be deployed in a standard way each time. By contrast, terrorist bombs are usually custom-made, developed to any number of designs, use a wide range of explosives of varying levels of power and chemical stability, and are used in many different ways. For this reason, they are generally referred to as improvised explosive devices (IEDs).

The most powerful bomb in existence is the hydrogen bomb, a nuclear weapon. The most powerful bombs ever used in combat were the two nuclear bombs dropped by the United States to attack Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The most powerful non-nuclear bomb is the United States Air Force's MOAB (Massive Ordnance Air Blast).

The most powerful bomb ever was Tsar Bomba: ca. 50 Mt; it had a mass of 27 tons; it was dropped from a bomber for a test, but was for various reasons not very suitable for combat.

The first hydrogen bomb Ivy Mike (10.4 Mt) was even heavier in mass, 82 tons. It was too heavy to be deliverable by a plane or rocket, and therefore not very suitable for an attack.

1 Delivery
2 Detonation
3 Bombing
- 3.1 Bombing of civilian targets
- 3.2 Bombing in peacetime
4 See also
5 External links

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Delivery

The usual method of delivering military bombs to their target is by bombing, i.e. dropping them from a bomber airplane. Modern bombs, precision-guided munitions, may be guided after they leave an airplane by remote control, by autonomous guidance or (in the case of nuclear weapons) mounted on a guided missile.

Some bombs are equipped with a parachute, such as the World War Two "parafrag", which was an 11kg fragmentation bomb, the Vietnam-era daisy cutters, and the bomblets of some modern cluster bombs. Parachutes slow the bomb's descent, giving the dropping aircraft time to get to a safe distance from the explosion. This is especially important with airburst nuclear weapons, and in the case that the aircraft releases the bomb at low altitude.

A hand grenade is delivered by being thrown. Grenades can also be projected by other means using a grenade launcher, such as being launched from the muzzle of a rifle using the M203 or the GP30 or by attaching a rocket to the explosive grenade as in a rocket propelled grenade (RPG).

A bomb may also be positioned in advance and concealed, for example in a garbage container, car or truck as a car bomb, or by the roadside in a roadside bomb, in a building as a booby trap, or in lugguage in and a vehicle.

A bomb destroying a rail track just before a train arrives causes a train to derail. Apart from the damage to vehicles and people, a bomb exploding in a transport network often also damages, and is sometimes mainly intended to damage, that network. This applies for railways, bridges, runways, and ports, and to a lesser extent, depending on circumstances, to roads.

In the case of suicide bombing the bomb is often carried by the attacker on his or her body, or a in a vehicle driven to the target.

The Blue Peacock nuclear mines, which were also termed "bombs", were planned to be positioned during wartime and be constructed such that, if they were disturbed, they would explode within ten seconds.

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Detonation

The explosion of the bomb has to be triggered by a detonator or a fuse. Detonators are triggered by clocks, remote controls like cell phones or some kind of sensor, such as pressure (altitude), radar, vibration or contact. Detonators vary in ways they work, they can be electrical, fire fuze or blast initiated detonators and others.

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Bombing

Bombing may be directed at military targets; such as ships, logistic and transportation centres, warehouses or weapons industries such as armament factories. They may be detonated also at civilian targets, such as office buildings, commercial areas or whole cities. Bombing of particular targets such as ships, railroad trains or military vehicles such as tanks is called tactical bombing; bombing of areas such as military bases or infrastructure, such as bridges, industrial centres, transport facilities) is called strategic bombing. Strategic bombing of civilian targets is controversial and considered a war crime by most and a defining characteristic of terrorism by others, and may be considered terror bombing. Area or carpet bombing of cities using incendiary bombs may result in a firestorm and extensive casualties especially when the city is fire-prone, largely constructed of timber buildings or used to store flammable materials, and it is windy.

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Bombing of civilian targets

Image:Zeppelin bombing plaque 2005.jpg The first recorded bombing of a civilian target took place on October 16, 1912,when a force of Bulgarian airplanes dropped two bombs over the city station in Edirne - Greece. The second recorded bombing of a civilian target took place on January 19, 1915, when a force of German zeppelins dropped 1,200kg of high explosive on a number of towns and villages in East Anglia. This was not, however, a deliberate targeting of civilian populations, since the airships were very poor at finding their assigned military targets. However, following an accidental bombing — there had been previous such, see plaque, right — of London in May 1916, in July the Kaiser permitted urban centres to be deliberately targeted. The zeppelins proved rather ineffective at this task, but continued to raid the city sporadically to the end of the war. A chilling anticipation of things to come in later wars, however, was provided by the introduction of the German Gotha bomber, which was giant for its time. On 13 June, 1917, a raid by 18 of these killed 18 children, and injured 30, at a school in Poplar, East London, exposing the inadequacy of the air defences over London and delivering a blow to British morale that the airship raids had never achieved. Gotha raids continued to the end of the war, but German war production could not sustain the sort of really destructive air offensive to be seen in later years.

During the inter-war years, the imperial powers, including Italy in Abyssinia and Britain in Iraq, bombed civilian targets in the process of maintaining their colonial rule. The bombing of Guernica in the Basque Country on April 26, 1937 was the first aerial bombing of a civilian target to achieve significant urban destruction.

During World War II there were instances where civilian targets had been bombed—first, during the German invasion of Poland in 1939 and the Netherlands and Rotterdam, then following The Blitz directed at London and other British cities and the RAF and USAAF bombing of Dresden and other German cities.

Towards the end of the Pacific War, when air defense over Japanese cities had become weak, United States Strategic Air Forces in the Pacific engaged in extensive incendary-bombing of Japanese cities such as the bombing of Tokyo. This campaign culminated in the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki with atomic weapons, which would play a major part in ending the war. Due to the huge size of a nuclear blast, such weapons can intentionally or unintentionally cause massive civilian casualties, from the initial blast and subsequent damage to infrastructure and from the nuclear fallout and radiation effects.

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