Free agent
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- In philosophy, a free agent is an individual who has free will.
- In software, Free Agent is the free version of the Forté Agent newsreader.
While the term Free Agent is predominantly used in sports as described below, since the publication of Daniel Pink's Free Agent Nation in 2001 the term has seen increased use as a metaphor to describe the shift in attitudes about and patterns of work in the economy from the early 1950s era of William Whyte's The Organization Man to today's more independent worker. Today there are close to 25 million soloists, temps, and one-person business owners involved in this "Free Agent" approach to making a living.
In US professional sports, particularly baseball, football, hockey and basketball, a free agent is a team player whose contract with a team has expired, and the player is able to sign a contract with another team. The term came into wide use after sports leagues stopped using a "reserve clause", which provided a repetitive option for the club to renew the contract for one more year, but did not allow the player to terminate his relationship with the team. The result was that a player was essentially property of the team. Once in free agency, a player is in a "pool" of free agents, from which teams can sign players.
In Europe some countries such as Spain had a system whereby footballers were entitled to a free transfer at the end of their contract. In most countries however this was not the case until the 1995 Bosman ruling by the European Court of Justice which established this right for players in all EU member nations. The ruling has since been extended to cover other professional sports and players from Eastern Europe.
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Unrestricted and restricted free agency
In some US leagues, distinction is made between an unrestricted free agent and a restricted free agent. A restricted free agent is a player who can sign with another team, but with one or more restrictions. For example, the player's current team may have the right to match the terms and conditions of the contract offered by another team, or the current team may be entitled to compensation in the form of money or draft picks from the player's new team. An unrestricted free agent, then, has no limitations imposed on their signing a contract with another team.
In most European countries, players under contract can only be transferred (sold) to another club if their existing club agrees. The exception is Spain, where all professional players have a "buy-out clause" written into their contract and can therefore move without their club's agreement. (In practice the player's new club will pay, but legally-speaking, it is the player who deposits the necessary sum at the League offices in order to "unilaterally rescind" his existing contract}.
Drawbacks
The economics of free agency are disadvantageous for teams; it can lead to bidding wars -- and increased player salaries means decreased team profits. Widespread restricted free agency has therefore been preferred by US sports teams after they lost the reserve clause. For example, an age limit can be used to keep young and talented players from generating bidding wars, and causing high salary inflation throughout the league.
In Europe, the wages of the top players has increased dramatically since the Bosman Ruling, although this is partly due to increased television revenues. Some club chairmen have called for a wage cap in a bid to control player wages but this would almost certainly be ruled anti-competitive and therfore illegal under EU law. As in the US the number of transfers involving a fee are on the decline as clubs can now wait for their targets to see out their contracts and move "on a free".
Deadlines
In some leagues, free agency has deadlines. For example, under the current NHL Collective Bargaining Agreement, restricted free agents who do not sign contracts by December 1 of a given year will be ineligible to play in the NHL for the balance of that season. However, other leagues (such as the NBA) have no such restrictions.
In Europe, players can only move during transfer windows - during the close season and half-way through the league season. There are exceptions for unattached (i.e., unemployed] professional players in the lower divisions.
Effect on professional sports
Free agency has significantly changed the nature of professional sports. With free agency, teams with less revenue cannot afford to pay market value salaries for players in high demand, and therefore lose them to other teams when they become free agents. Another impact of free agency is a greater movement of players from team to team, resulting in less "identification" of fans with their sports teams, since the roster changes so much from year to year.ja:フリーエージェント