Gold rush

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For other meanings, see Gold rush (disambiguation)

Image:California Gold Rush handbill.jpg A gold rush is a period of feverish migration of workers into the area of a dramatic discovery of commercial quantities of gold. In the history of the United States and Canada, several gold rushes took place throughout the 19th century, first in the Appalachians, and later in the Sierra Nevada, the Fraser Canyon, the Cariboo district and other parts of British Columbia, and the Rocky Mountains. Gold rushes helped spur permanent population of new regions and define a significant part of the culture of the North American frontier. Similar gold rushes took place during the 19th century in Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa.

Gold rushes were typically marked by a general buoyant feeling of a "free for all" in income mobility, in which any single individual might become abundantly wealthy almost instantly. The significance of gold rushes in history has given a longer life to the term, and it is now applied generally to capitalism to denote any economic activity in the participants aspire to race each other in common pursuit of a new and apparently highly lucrative market, often precipitated by an advance in technology.

1 Life cycle of a gold rush
2 Notable gold rushes
3 See also
4 External links

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Life cycle of a gold rush

The discovery of gold in a new region typically began with a spontaneous discovery of "free gold" by a single individual. This free gold was usually placer gold in the beds of streams that descend from a nearby mountain range. Propagation of the news of the discovery typically resulted in a large influx of prospectors to join existing groups and to form new ones. The free gold supply in stream beds would become depleted somewhat quickly, and the initial phase would be followed by a longer period of prospecting in upper canyon walls for lode gold. Typically the heyday of a gold rush, when the lodes had not yet all been prospected, would last only a few years. In some cases, the depletion of gold was followed by a transition to a silver boom, and then a period of mining of other lesser value minerals. For significant gold-producing areas, the initial rush phase would be followed by a transition to modern industrial mining of ore.

What distinguished gold rushes from gold exploitation campaigns of previous eras was the relative democratization in the participation of mining enterprises. The early New World expeditions of the European colonial powers, notably the Spanish Empire, were driven largely by the search for gold. The expeditions of earlier eras were typical state enterprises, however, and were usually accompanied by state military support. Gold rushes, by comparison, reflected a spontaneous grassroots capitalism akin to homesteading, but centered on mining rather than agriculture. In some places, notably California, the gold rush era is celebrated as embodying an archetypal founding of the state itself.

Factors that led thousands at a time to abandon daily Industrial Revolution drudgery and travel to gold fields (diggings) included

relative improvements in transport networks;
improvements in the means of communication that supported rumour-distribution chains,
some social discontent, and
an international gold-based monetary system.

Only a few miners made fortunes, several suppliers (such as Levi Strauss) and traders made good money, and numerous unfortunates endured hardship and privation in exotic frontiers of civilization for little ultimate reward. Demographically, several gold rushes shook up the patterns of settlement, resulting in the opening up of previously sparsely-settled areas and a Cantonese diaspora around the Pacific Rim.

Gold-rush culture, often reflected in popular song, tended to promote self-images of robust masculinity.

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Notable gold rushes

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Rushes of the 1830s

the southern Appalachian Mountains of the United States, north of Atlanta and west of Charlotte; in Georgia in the late 1830s

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Rushes of the 1840s

North Carolina around 1848;
California (1848), the California Gold Rush;

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Rushes of the 1850s

Australia (1851), the Victorian gold rush
Fraser Canyon Gold Rush 1858-1861, the first of the British Columbia Gold Rushes
Colorado (1859), the Colorado Gold Rush
Northern Nevada from the 1850s

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Rushes of the 1860s

Idaho (1860), aka the Fort Colville gold rush
Cariboo Gold Rush in 1862-65, a British Columbia Gold Rush
Omineca Gold Rush, 1860s, also a British Columbia Gold Rush
Wild Horse Creek Gold Rush, 1860s
Otago, New Zealand after 1861, the Central Otago goldrush
the Black Hills and other areas in Montana after 1863
Eastern Oregon in the 1860s and 1870s

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Rushes of the 1880s

Transvaal, South Africa (1886), the Witwatersrand Gold Rush; the resulting influx of miners was one of the triggers for the Second Boer War

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Rushes of the 1890s

One of the best-known gold rushes was the Klondike Gold Rush of 1898-99; the main goldfield was in Canada's Yukon Territory but it also helped open up the relatively new US possession of Alaska to exploration and settlement. This gold rush involved one of the largest mobilizations of goldseekers in history, involving millions who started on the journey although ultimately only a few hundred thousand reached the "Yukon Ports" or other disembarkation points such as Edmonton, Alberta, and only 35,000 finally reached what was to become Dawson City, at the confluence of the Klondike and Yukon Rivers, only to be faced by famine, fire and some of the world's bitterest and darkest winters.