California v. Freeman

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California v. Freeman

Supreme Court of California

August 25, 1988

Full case name:	The People v. Harold Freeman
Citations:	46 Cal. 3d 419; 758 P.2d 1128; 250 Cal. Rptr. 598; 1988 Cal. LEXIS 171; 15 Media L. Rep. 2072
Prior history:	Defendant convicted, Superior Court, Los Angeles County; conviction affirmed, 233 Cal. Rptr. 510 (Cal. Ct.App. 1987); sentence affirmed, 234 Cal. Rptr. 245 (Cal. Ct.App. 1987); review granted, 734 P.2d 562 (Ca. 1987)
Subsequent history:	Stay denied, 488 U.S. 1311 (1989); certiorari denied, 489 U.S. 1017 (1989)

Holding

California pandering statute did not criminalize the hiring of actors for nonobscene adult films.

Court membership

Chief Justice Malcolm Lucas

Associate Justices Marcus Kaufman, Stanley Mosk, Allan Broussard, Edward Panelli, David Eagleson, Anthony Kline (Court of Appeal justice, sitting by assignment)

Case opinions

Majority by: Kaufman

Joined by: Mosk, Broussard, Panelli, Kline

Concurring without separate opinion: Lucas, Eagleson

Laws applied

U.S. Const. Amend. I; Cal. Penal Code §§ 266I, 647

Harold Freeman was a producer and director of pornographic films who was arrested in 1987 for hiring adult actors, which the prosecution interpreted as pandering. This was part of an attempt by the State of California to shut down the pornographic film industry. The prosecution's interpretation was ultimately rejected by the California Supreme Court. The U.S. Supreme Court ultimately turned aside the State's petition to review the case. Prior to this decision, pornographic movies had often been shot in secret locations.

Freeman was initially convicted, and lost on appeal to the California Court of Appeals. The trial judge, however, thought jail would be an unreasonably harsh penalty for Freeman's conduct, and sentenced him to probation, despite the fact that this was explicitly contrary to the statute. The State appealed this sentence but lost.

Freeman appealed to the California Supreme Court, which subsequently overturned his conviction, finding that the California pandering statute was not intended to cover the hiring of actors who would be engaging in sexually explicit but non-obscene performances. Freeman could only have been lawfully convicted of pandering if he had paid the actors for the purpose of sexually gratifying himself or the actors. The court relied upon the language of the statute for this interpretation, as well as the need to avoid a conflict with the First Amendment right to free speech. The court viewed Freeman's conviction as "a somewhat transparent attempt at an 'end run' around the First Amendment and the state obscenity laws."

The State of California unsuccessfully tried to have this judgment overturned by the United States Supreme Court. Justice Sandra Day O'Connor denied a stay of the California Supreme Court's judgment, finding that its ruling was founded on an independent and adequate basis of state law. The full Court subsequently denied review.

As a result of this precedent, the making of hardcore pornography was effectively legalized in California.

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