Harold Macmillan

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{{Infobox PM 

| name=The Rt Hon Harold Macmillan
| image=Macmillan.jpg
| country=the United Kingdom
| term=11 January 1957 – 19 October 1963
| before=Sir Anthony Eden
| after=Sir Alec Douglas-Home
| date_birth=10 February 1894
| place_birth=Brixton, London
| date_death=29 December 1986
| place_death=Chelwood Gate, Sussex
| party=Conservative

}} Maurice Harold Macmillan, 1st Earl of Stockton, OM, MC, PC,(10 February 1894 – 29 December 1986), nicknamed "Supermac", was a British Conservative politician and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1957 to 1963.

He did not use his first given name, and was known as Harold Macmillan prior to his elevation to the Peerage.

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Early life

Macmillan was born in Brixton to Maurice Crawford MacMillan (1853 - 1936) and his wife Helen Artie Tarleton Belles (1856 - 1937). His paternal grandfather Daniel Macmillan (1813 - 1857) was a Scottish crofter who founded Macmillan Publishers. He was educated at Eton and at Balliol College, Oxford. He served with distinction in World War I winning the Military Cross, and being wounded on three occasions. He lost so many of his fellow students during the war that he refused ever to return to Oxford saying the university would never be the same afterwards. Before the nationalisation of the railways he was a director of the Great Western Railway.

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Marriage

He married Lady Dorothy Cavendish, daughter of Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire in 1920. Lady Dorothy had a long affair with the Conservative politician Robert Boothby; she died in 1966, aged 65.

They had four children:

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Political career

Elected to the House of Commons in 1924 for Stockton-on-Tees, he lost his seat in 1929 only to return in 1931. In the 1930s he was stuck on the backbenches, his One Nation, left-wing conservative, and anti-appeasement ideals and sharp criticism of Stanley Baldwin and Neville Chamberlain serving to isolate him. In World War II he was part of the wartime coalition government; he worked with the Ministry of Supply before being sent to North Africa in 1942 as British government representative to the Allies in the Mediterranean.

He returned to England post-war and lost his own seat in the massive electoral defeat of 1945. He soon returned to Parliament in a November 1945 by-election for Bromley. When the Conservatives regained power in 1951 he was Minister of Housing (October 1951) then Minister of Defence (October 1954) under Winston Churchill and Foreign Secretary (April-December 1955) and Chancellor of the Exchequer (1955-1957) under Anthony Eden. When Eden resigned in January 1957 he was succeeded by Macmillan on the 10th (despite many expecting Rab Butler to succeed instead) and Macmillan also became leader of the Conservative Party (22nd).

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Government

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Independent nuclear deterrent

Following the technical failures of a British independent nuclear deterrent with the Blue Streak and the Blue Steel projects, Macmillan negotiated the supply of American Polaris missiles under the Nassau agreement in December 1962. Previously he had agreed to base sixty Thor missiles in Britain under joint control, and since late 1957 the American McMahon Act had been eased to allow Britain more access to nuclear technology. These negotiations were the basis for Peter Cook's satire of Macmillan in Beyond the Fringe.

Macmillan was a major force in the successful negotiations leading to Britain, the U.S., and the Soviet Union signing the Partial Test Ban Treaty in 1962. His previous attempt to create an agreement at the May 1960 summit in Paris had collapsed due to the Gary Powers affair.

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EEC

Britain's application to join the EEC was vetoed by Charles de Gaulle (29 January 1963), in part due to his fear that "the end would be a colossal Atlantic Community dependent on America" and in part in anger at the Anglo-American nuclear deal.

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Economy

Macmillan brought the monetary concerns of the exchequer into office - the economy was his prime concern. However Britain's balance of payments problems led to the imposition of a wage freeze in 1961. This caused the government to lose popularity and led to a series of by-election defeats. He organised a major Cabinet change in July 1962 but he continued to lose support from within his party. During this time he was quoted, "Greater love hath no man than this, than to lay down his friends for his life" suggesting the difficulty of his decisions. He was also embarrassed by the Profumo Affair of 1963. Following ill health and surgery he resigned on 18 October 1963. He was succeeded by Alec Douglas-Home, the foreign secretary. This proved controversial as it was alleged that Macmillan had pulled strings and utilised the party's grandees, nicknamed "The Magic Circle", to ensure that Butler was not chosen as his successor. his approach to the economy was to seek high employment, whereas his treasury ministers argued that to support sterling required strict controls on money and hence a rise in unemployment. Their advice was rejected and in January 1958 all the Treasury ministers resigned. Macmillan brushed aside this incident as "a little local difficulty". Macmillan supported the creation of the National Incomes Commission as a means to institute controls on income as part of his growth without inflation policy, a further series of subtle indicators and controls were also introduced during his premiership.

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Foreign policy

Macmillan also took close control of foreign policy. He worked to narrow the rift post-Suez with the United States, where his wartime friendship with Dwight D. Eisenhower was useful. The two had a useful conference in Bermuda as early as March 1957. The cordial relationship remained after the election of John F. Kennedy. Macmillan also saw the value of a rapprochement with Europe and sought belated entry to the European Economic Community (EEC) as well as exploring the possibility of a European Free Trade Area (EFTA). In terms of the Empire Macmillan continued the divestment of the colonies, his "wind of change" speech (February 1960) indicating his policy. Ghana and Malaya were granted independence in 1957, Nigeria in 1960 and Kenya in 1963. However in the Middle East Macmillan ensured Britain remained a force - intervening over Iraq in 1958 and 1960 as well as becoming involved in Oman.

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Election victory

He led the Conservatives to victory in the October 1959 general election, increasing his party's majority from 67 to 107 seats. The election campaign had been based on the economic improvements achieved, the slogan "Life's Better Under the Conservatives" was matched by Macmillan's own remark, "most of our people have never had it so good" usually paraphrased as "You've never had it so good." The actual growth rate, compared to the rest of Europe, was weak and marked a relative decline distorted by high defence expenditure.

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Parliament trivia

The Supermac label was applied by cartoonist Victor 'Vicky' Weisz. It was intended as mockery, but backfired badly, coming to be used in a neutral or friendly fashion. Vicky tried to label him with other names, including 'Mac the Knife' (at the time of major cabinet changes in 1962; see below), but none of these caught on. (See also Mack The Knife). Macmillan had a reputation for being unflappable in public although he did admit to his wife that he was terrified before each "Prime minister's question time" (usually a Tuesday) in Parliament. For example, on September 29, 1960, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev twice interrupted a speech by Macmillan at the United Nations by shouting out and pounding his desk. Macmillan famously replied: "I should like that to be translated if he wants to say anything."

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Retirement and death

Image:Harold-Macmillan-arms.PNG

The Profumo affair of spring and summer 1963 inflicted massive damage to the credibility of his conservative government and exacerbated the ill-health of Harold Macmillan who was then suffering from prostate cancer. Consequently, he decided to unexpectedly resign as Prime Minister in October 1963. Macmillan, initially, refused a peerage and retired from politics in September 1964. He did, however, accept the distinction of the Order of Merit from The Queen. After retiring, he took up the chairmanship of his family's publishing house Macmillan Publishers. Over the next twenty years he made the occasional political intervention.

Following Margaret Thatcher's election as leader of the Conservative Party, Macmillan was found to be intervening more often as the record of his premiership came under attack from the monetarists in the party. In one of his more memorable contributions he likened Margaret Thatcher's policy of privatisation to "selling the family silver".

In 1984 he finally accepted a peerage and was created Earl of Stockton and Viscount Macmillan of Ovenden. In the last month of his life, he made his last political observation - in essence, a criticism of Thatcherite economic policy when he stated:

"Sixty-three years ago … the unemployment figure (in Stockton-on-Tees) was 29 percent. Last November (1986) it was 28 percent. A rather sad end to one’s life."

Macmillan died at Birch Grove in Sussex in 1986 at the age of 92 years and 322 days - the greatest age attained by any British Prime Minister until it was surpassed by James Callaghan on February 14, 2005.

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Titles from birth to death

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External link

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Cabinets

For a full list of Ministerial office-holders, see Conservative Government 1957-1964.

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January 1957 - October 1959

Change

  • March 1957 - Lord Home succeeds Lord Salisbury as Lord President, remaining also Commonwealth Relations Secretary.
  • September 1957 - Lord Hailsham succeeds Lord Home as Lord President, Home remaining Commonwealth Relations Secretary. Geoffrey Lloyd succeeds Hailsham as Minister of Education. The Chief Secretary to the Treasury, Reginald Maudling, enters the Cabinet.
  • January 1958 - Derick Heathcoat Amory succeeds Peter Thorneycroft as Chancellor of the Exchequer. John Hare succeeds Amory as Minister of Agriculture.
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October 1959 - July 1960

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July 1960 - October 1961

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October 1961 - July 1962

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July 1962 - October 1963

In a radical reshuffle dubbed "The Night of the Long Knives", Macmillan sacked a third of his Cabinet and instituted many other changes.

Template:Start box {{succession box 

 | title  = Member of Parliament for Stockton-on-Tees
 | years  = 1924–1929
 | before = Robert Strother Stewart
 | after  = Frederick Fox Riley

}} {{succession box 

 | title  = Member of Parliament for Stockton-on-Tees
 | years  = 1931–1945
 | before = Frederick Fox Riley
 | after  = George Chetwynd

}} {{succession box 

 | title  = Member of Parliament for Bromley
 | years  = 1945–1964
 | before = Sir Edward Campbell
 | after  = John Hunt

}} Template:Succession box Template:Succession box Template:Succession box Template:Succession box Template:Succession box two to two Template:End box

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