Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel

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Herbert Louis Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel of Mount Carmel and of Toxteth, OM (November 6, 1870 - February 2, 1963) was a British politician and diplomat.

1 Life
2 References
3 Further reading
4 External links
5 Succession
6 External link

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Life

He was born at Claremont No. 11 Belvidere Road, Toxteth. The building now contains part of The Belvedere School. He was educated at University College School in Hampstead, London and Oxford University and was the great-uncle of the British scientist Rosalind Franklin.

In 1920 he was appointed the first High Commissioner (essentially the governor) of the British Mandate of Palestine and served in that office until 1925 Template:Ref. As such, Samuel was the first Jew to govern the historic land of Israel in 2,000 years.

Samuel had been a Member of Parliament representing the Liberal Party and was appointed to Cabinet in 1910 by Prime Minister Herbert Henry Asquith, as Postmaster General and later Home Secretary, the first practicing Jew appointed to the British cabinet. He put forward the idea of establishing a British Protectorate over Palestine in 1915 and his ideas influenced the Balfour Declaration.

When the Liberal Party split into Asquith and Lloyd George factions in 1916, Samuel sided with Asquith and was left out of cabinet when Lloyd George became Prime Minister.

Britain conquered Palestine (which had been part of the Ottoman Empire) in 1917 during the course of the First World War. Samuel lost his seat in the election of 1918 and became a candidate to represent British interests in the territory . He was appointed to the position of High Commissioner in 1920 once the British Mandate was granted by the League of Nations.

As High Commissioner, Samuel was at pains to demonstrate his neutrality and attempted to mediate between Zionist and Arab interests acting to slow Jewish immigration and win the confidence of the Arab population. Islamic custom at the time was that the chief Islamic spiritual leader, the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, was to be chosen by the temporal ruler, the Ottoman Sultan in Constantinople, from a group of clerics that were nominated by the indigenous clerics. After the British conquered Palestine, the Sultan was no longer the secular ruler. This led to the bizarre situation where a Jew, Herbert Samuel, was to appoint the Islamic leader, in this case Hajj Amin Al Husseini, who later proved a thorn in the side of the British administration in Palestine and spent World War II in Germany as a personal friend of Hitler.

On his return to Britain in 1925, Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin asked Samuel to look into the problems of the mining industry. The Samuel Commission published its report in March 1926 recommending that the industry be reorganised but rejecting the suggestion of nationalization. The report also recommended that the Government subsidy should be withdrawn and the miners' wages should be reduced. The report was one of the leading factors that led to the 1926 General Strike.

Herbert Samuel returned to the House of Commons following the 1929 General Election. Two years later he became leader of the Liberal Party (the first practicing Jew to lead a major British political party) as well as Home Secretary in the National Governments of Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald. He led the Liberals (except the small National Liberal faction of Sir John Simon) out of the government in 1932. He remained leader of the Liberal Party until he again lost his seat in 1935.

In 1937 he was granted the title Viscount Samuel and later became the leader of the Liberal Party in the House of Lords (1944-55).

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