Intelligence (information gathering)

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Intelligence (abbreviated int. or intel.) is the process and the result of gathering information and analyzing it to answer questions or obtain advance warnings needed to plan for the future. The information collected can be difficult to obtain or altogether secret material gained through espionage ("closed sources"), or it can be banal and widely available, such as newspaper articles or Internet postings ("open sources"). Traditionally, intelligence involves all-source collection, storage and indexing of data, usually in multiple languages, in the expectation that some small portion will later prove important. Intelligence findings or "product" and the sources and methods used to obtain them (tradecraft) are often highly classified and sometimes compartmentalized, and intelligence officers need top level security clearance.

• Government intelligence is usually assigned to clandestine intelligence agencies, often with large, secret budgets. These use a variety of techniques to obtain information, ranging from secret agents (HUMINT) to communications intercepts (COMINT) to spy satellites (IMINT). See surveillance and list of intelligence gathering disciplines. Intelligence agencies often engage in clandestine activities beyond espionage such as political subversion, sabotage and assassination.
• Military intelligence is an element of warfare which covers all aspects of gathering, analyzing, and making use of information over enemy forces and the ground. It involves spying, look-outs, high-tech surveillance equipment, and also secret agents.
• Business intelligence denotes the public or secret information that an organization obtains about its competitors and markets. See also data warehousing.

Intelligence as used here, when done properly, serves a function for organizations similar to that which intelligence (trait) serves for individual humans and animals. Intelligence collection is often controversial and seen as a threat to privacy. While usually associated with warfare, intelligence can also be used to preserve peace, or the illusion of peace.

Contents 1 Well-known national intelligence organizations 2 Major publicly-accessible intelligence sources 3 Internet Links 4 Reference 4.1 Surveys 4.2 World War I 4.3 World War II: 1931-1945 4.4 Cold War Era: 1945-1991 5 See also

Well-known national intelligence organizations

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Canada

• Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS)

Germany

• Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND)

India

• Research and Analysis Wing (RAW)
• Intelligence Bureau (IB)

Israel

• Institute for Intelligence and Special Tasks (Mossad)

Russia

• Federalnaya Sluzhba Bezopasnosti (FSB, successor of KGB)
• Glavnoye Razvedyvatelnoye Upravlenie (GRU)

United Kingdom

• MI6
• MI5

United States

• Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
• Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
• National Security Agency (NSA)
• National Reconnaissance Office (NRO)
• Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA)

Major publicly-accessible intelligence sources

• Open Sources Center, select "Intelligence" section.
• Bloomberg
• CIA World Fact Book
• credit rating agencies
• Dow Jones
• Internet search engines such as Google
• LexisNexis
• newspapers of record, such as the New York Times
• private investigators
• public libraries
• Wikipedia

Internet Links

• ISRIA, HTML, The Relations between the CIA and the Executive Power since 2001, February 5, 2006.
• ISRIA, PDF, The Role of Open Sources in Intelligence, December 31, 2005.
• Read Congressonal Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding Intelligence issues

Reference

Surveys

• Andrew, Christopher. For the President's Eyes Only: Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency from Washington to Bush (1996)
• Black, Ian. Israel's Secret Wars: A History of Israel's Intelligence Services (1992)
• Bungert, Heike et al eds. Secret Intelligence in the Twentieth Century (2003) essays by scholars
• Kahn, David The Codebreakers: The Comprehensive History of Secret Communication from Ancient Times to the Internet (1996), 1200 pages
• Lerner, K. Lee and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, eds. Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence and Security (2003), 1100 pages. 850 articles, strongest on technology
• O'Toole, George. Honorable Treachery: A History of U.S. Intelligence, Espionage, Covert Action from the American Revolution to the CIA (1991)
• Owen, David. Hidden Secrets: A Complete History of Espionage and the Technology Used to Support It (2002), popular
• Richelson, Jeffery T. A Century of Spies: Intelligence in the Twentieth Century (1997)
• Richelson, Jeffery T. The U.S. Intelligence Community (4th ed. 1999)
• West, Nigel. MI6: British Secret Intelligence Service Operations 1909-1945 (1983)
• West, Nigel. Secret War: The Story of SOE, Britain's Wartime Sabotage Organization (1992)
• Wohlstetter, Roberta. Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision (1962)

World War I

• Beesly, Patrick. Room 40. (1982). Covers the breaking of German codes by RN intelligence, including the Turkish bribe, Zimmermann telegram, and failure at Jutland.
• May, Ernest (ed.) Knowing One's Enemies: Intelligence Assessment before the Two World Wars (1984)
• Tuchman, Barbara W. The Zimmermann Telegram (1966)

World War II: 1931-1945

• Babington-Smith, Constance. Air Spy: The Story of Photo Intelligence in World War II (1957)
• Hinsley, F. H. British Intelligence in the Second World War (1996) abridged version of multivolume official history.
• Jones, R. V. The Wizard War: British Scientific Intelligence 1939-1945 (1978)
• Kahn, David. Hitler's Spies: German Military Intelligence in World War II (1978)
• Kahn, David. Seizing the Enigma: The Race to Break the German U-Boat Codes, 1939-1943 (1991)
• Lewin, Ronald. The American Magic: Codes, Ciphers and the Defeat of Japan (1982)
• May, Ernest (ed.) Knowing One's Enemies: Intelligence Assessment before the Two World Wars (1984)
• Smith, Richard Harris. OSS: The Secret History of America's First Central Intelligence Agency (2005)
• Stanley, Roy M. World War II Photo Intelligence (1981)
• Wark, Wesley. The Ultimate Enemy: British Intelligence and Nazi Germany, 1933-1939 (1985)
• Wark, Wesley K."Cryptographic Innocence: The Origins of Signals Intelligence in Canada in the Second World War", Journal of Contemporary History 22 (1987)

Cold War Era: 1945-1991

• Aldrich, Richard J. The Hidden Hand: Britain, America and Cold War Secret Intelligence (2002).
• Ambrose, Stephen E. Ike's Spies: Eisenhower and the Intelligence Establishment (1981).
• Andrew, Christopher and Vasili Mitrokhin. The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB (1999)
• Andrew, Christopher, and Oleg Gordievsky. KGB: The Inside Story of Its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev (1990).
• Bogle, Lori, ed. Cold War Espionage and Spying (2001), essays by scholars
• Dorril, Stephen. MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service (2000).
• Dziak, John J. Chekisty: A History of the KGB (1988)
• Koehler, John O. Stasi: The Untold Story of the East German Secret Police (1999)
• Persico, Joseph. Casey: The Lives and Secrets of William J. Casey-From the OSS to the CIA (1991)
• Prados, John. Presidents' Secret Wars: CIA and Pentagon Covert Operations Since World War II (1996)
• Rositzke, Harry. The CIA's Secret Operations: Espionage, Counterespionage, and Covert Action (1988)
• Trahair, Richard C. S. Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies and Secret Operations (2004), by an Australian scholar; contains excellent historiographical introduction
• Weinstein, Allen, and Alexander Vassiliev. The Haunted Wood: Soviet Espionage in America—The Stalin Era (1999).

See also

• Counter-intelligence
• Espionage

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