Infrared
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Infrared (IR) radiation is electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength longer than that of visible light, but shorter than that of microwave radiation. The name means "below red" (from the Latin infra, "below"), red being the color of visible light of longest wavelength. Infrared radiation spans three orders of magnitude and has wavelengths between approximately 750 nm and 1 mm.
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Different regions in the infrared
IR is often subdivided into:
- near infrared NIR, IR-A DIN, 0.75–1.4 µm in wavelength, defined by the water absorption, and commonly used in fiber optic telecommunication because of low attenuation losses in the SiO2 glass (silica) medium.
- short wavelength (shortwave) IR SWIR, IR-B DIN, 1.4–3 µm, water absorption increases significantly at 1450 nm
- mid wavelength IR MWIR, IR-C DIN, also intermediate-IR (IIR), 3–8 µm
- long wavelength IR LWIR, IR-C DIN, 8–15 µm)
- far infrared FIR, 15–1000 µm
However, these terms are not precise, and are used differently in various studies i.e. near (0.75–5 µm) / mid (5–30 µm) / long (30–1000 µm). Especially at the telecom-wavelengths the spectrum is further subdivided into individual bands, due to limitations of detectors, amplifiers and sources. Infrared radiation is often linked to heat, since objects at room temperature will emit radiation mostly concentrated in the mid-infrared band (see black body). Image:Atmospheric transmittance infrared.gif The common nomenclature is justified by the different human response to this radiation: near infrared is the region closest in wavelength to the radiation detectable by the human eye, mid and far infrared are progressively further from the visible regime. Other definitions follow different physical mechanisms (emission peaks, vs. bands, water absorption) and the newest follow technical reasons (The common silicon detectors are sensitive to about 1050 nm, while InGaAs sensitivity starts around 950 nm and ends between 1700 and 2200 nm, depending on the specific configuration). Unfortunately the international standards for these specifications are not currently available.
The boundary between visible and infrared light is not precisely defined. The human eye is markedly less sensitive to red light above 700 nm wavelength, but particularly intense light (e.g., from lasers) can be detected up to approximately 780 nm. The onset of infrared is defined (according to different standards) at various values between these two wavelengths, typically at 750 nm.
Telecommunication bands in the infrared
Optical telecommunication in the near infrared is technically often separated to different frequency bands because of availability of light sources, transmitting /absorbing materials (fibers) and detectors.
- O-band 1260–1360 nm
- E-band 1360–1460 nm
- S-band 1460–1530 nm
- C-band 1530–1565 nm
- L-band 1565–1625 nm
- U-band 1625–1675 nm
The Earth as an infrared emitter
The Earth's surface absorbs visible radiation from the sun and re-emits much of the energy as infrared back to the atmosphere. Certain substances in the atmosphere, chiefly cloud droplets and water vapor, but also carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride, and chlorofluorocarbons, absorb this infrared, and re-radiate it in all directions including back to Earth. Thus the greenhouse effect keeps the atmosphere and surface much warmer than if the infrared absorbers were absent from the atmosphere.
Applications
Night vision
Infrared is used in night-vision equipment, when there is insufficient visible light to see an object. The radiation is detected and turned into an image on a screen, hotter objects showing up in different shades than cooler objects, enabling the police and military to acquire thermally significant targets, such as human beings and automobiles. Also see Forward looking infrared. IR radiation is a secondary effect of heat; it is not heat itself. Heat itself is a measure of the translational energy of an amount of matter. "Thermal" detectors do not actually detect heat directly but the difference in IR radiation from objects. Military gunnery ranges sometimes use special materials that reflect IR radiation to simulate enemy vehicles with running engines. The targets can be the exact same temperature as the surrounding terrain, but they emit (reflect) much more IR radiation. Different materials emit more or less IR radiation as temperature increases or decreases, depending on the composition of the material.
Smoke is more transparent to infrared than to visible light, so firefighters use infrared imaging equipment when working in smoke-filled areas.
Other imaging
Image:P1020168.JPG In infrared photography, infrared filters are used to capture the near-infrared spectrum. Digital cameras often use infrared blockers. Cheaper digital cameras and some camera phones which do not have appropriate filters can "see" near-infrared, appearing as a bright white colour (try pointing a TV remote at your digital camera). This is especially pronounced when taking pictures of subjects near IR-bright areas (such as near a lamp), where the resulting infrared interference can wash out the image. It is also worth mentioning 'T-ray' imaging, which is imaging using far infrared or terahertz radiation. Lack of bright sources makes terahertz photography technically more challenging than most other infrared imaging techniques. Recently T-ray imaging has been of considerable interest due to a number of new developments such as terahertz time-domain spectroscopy.
Thermography
Infrared radiation can be used to remotely determine the temperature of objects (if the emissivity is known). This is termed thermography, or in the case of very hot objects in the NIR or visible it is termed pyrometry. Thermography (thermal imaging) is mainly used in military and industrial applications but the technology is reaching the public market in the form of infrared cameras on cars due to the massively reduced production costs.
Heating
Infrared radiation is used in infrared saunas to heat the sauna's occupants, and to remove ice from the wings of aircraft (de-icing). It is also gaining popularity as a method of heating asphalt pavements in place during new construction or in repair of damaged asphalt.
Communications
IR data transmission is also employed in short-range communication among computer peripherals and personal digital assistants. These devices usually conform to standards published by IrDA, the Infrared Data Association. Remote controls and IrDA devices use infrared light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to emit infrared radiation which is focused by a plastic lens into a narrow beam. The beam is modulated, i.e. switched on and off, to encode the data. The receiver uses a silicon photodiode to convert the infrared radiation to an electric current. It responds only to the rapidly pulsing signal created by the transmitter, and filters out slowly changing infrared radiation from ambient light. Infrared communications are useful for indoor use in areas of high population density. IR does not penetrate walls and so does not interfere with other devices in adjoining rooms.
Free space optical communication using infrared lasers can be a relatively inexpensive way to install a Gigabit/s communications link in urban areas, compared to the cost of burying fibre optic cable.
Infrared lasers are used to provide the light for optical fibre communications systems. Infrared light with a wavelength around 1330 nm (least dispersion) or 1550 nm (best transmission) are the best choices for standard silica fibres.
Infrared is the most common way for remote controls to command appliances.
Spectroscopy
Infrared radiation spectroscopy is the study of the composition of (usually) organic compounds, finding out a compound's structure and composition based on the percentage transmittance of IR radiation through a sample. Different frequencies are absorbed by different stretches and bends in the molecular bonds occurring inside the sample. Carbon dioxide, for example, has a strong absorption band at 4.2µm.
History
Biological systems
The pit viper is known to have two infrared sensory pits on its head. There is controversy over the exact thermal sensitivity of this biological infrared detection system.
- Thermal Modeling of Snake Infrared Reception: Evidence for Limited Detection Range, B. S. Jones, W. F. Lynn and M. O. Stone, Journal of Theoretical Biology Vol. 209, Iss. 2, 201-211 (2001) Template:Doi
- Biological Thermal Detection: Micromechanical and Microthermal Properties of Biological Infrared Receptors, V. Gorbunov, N. Fuchigami, M. Stone, M. Grace, and V. V. Tsukruk, Biomacromolecules vol. 3 Iss. 1, 106-115 (2002). Template:Doi
Human history
The discovery of infrared radiation is commonly ascribed to William Herschel, the astronomer, in the early 19th century. Herschel used a prism to refract light from the sun and detected the infrared, beyond the red part of the spectrum, through an increase in the temperature recorded on a thermometer.
Simple infrared sensors were used by British, American and German forces in the Second World War as night vision aids for snipers.
See also
- Night vision
- Infrared astronomy
- Infrared filter
- Infrared photography
- Infrared spectroscopy
- Thermography
- terahertz radiation
- Thermographic camera
- Infrared homing
External links
Journals
- Infrared Physics and Technology (Elsevier) (last access June 2005).
Web sites
- Infrared Spectroscopy NASA Open Spectrum wiki site.
- IrDAOrganization that creates low cost infrared data interconnection standards.
- How to build an USB infrared receiver to remote control PCs
- Infrared WavesDetailed explanation of infrared light.
- U.S. Navy - Electronic Warfare and Radar Systems Engineering Handbook Source of transmittance diagram and further information on electro-optics.
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