Johann Joachim Winckelmann

From Free net encyclopedia

Image:Mergefrom.gif It has been suggested that Johann Joachim Winkelmann be merged into this article or section. ([[{{{2|: talk:Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann}}}|Discuss]])

Image:Johann Joachim Winckelmann (Raphael Mengs after 1755).jpg

Johann Joachim Winckelmann (9 December 1717 - June 8, 1768) was a German archaeologist.

[edit]

Biography

Born 1717 in Stendal, the son of a shoemaker, Winckelmann attended the Coellnische Gymnasium in Berlin and the school at Salzwedel and, in 1738, was induced to go as a student of theology to Halle. However, Winckelmann was no theologian, and he soon devoted himself enthusiastically to Greek art and literature. Later, with the intention of becoming a physician, he attended medical classes at Jena, but his means were insufficient and he was obliged to accept a tutorship near Magdeburg. From 1743 to 1748, he was associate-rector of a school at Seehausen in the Altmark. He then went to Nothenitz near Dresden as librarian to Count Henry von Bünau, for whose history of the Holy Roman Empire he collected materials. The treasures in the Dresden gallery awakened in Winckelmann an intense interest in art, which was deepened by association with various artists, particularly Adam Friedrich Oeser; both of which had also exercised a powerful influence over Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.

In 1750, before leaving for Rome, Winckelmann published his Gedanken über die Nachahmung der griechischen Werke in Malerei und Bildhauerkunst ("Thoughts on the Imitation of Greek Works in Painting and Sculpture"), followed by a feigned attack on the work, and a defence of its principles, nominally by an impartial critic. The Gedanken contains the first statement of the doctrines he afterwards developed, and was warmly admired not only for the ideas it contained but for its style. Augustus III, elector of Saxony and king of Poland, granted him a pension of 200 thalers, that he might continue his studies in Rome. He arrived in Rome, in November 1755, became librarian to Cardinal Archinto, and received much kindness from Cardinal Passionei. After their deaths, he was received as librarian and as a friend into the house of Cardinal Albani, who was forming his magnificent collection at Porta Salara. In 1763, while retaining this position, Winckelmann was made prefect of antiquities.

He devoted himself earnestly, at first with the aid of his friend Anton Raphael Mengs, to the study of Roman antiquities and gradually acquired an unrivalled knowledge of ancient art. In 1760 appeared his Description des pierres gravées du feu Baron de Stosch; in 1762, his Anmerkungen über die Baukunst der Alten ("Observations on the Architecture of the Ancients"), including an account of the temples at Paestum. In 1758 and 1762, he visited Naples, and from his Sendschreiben von den herculanischen Entdeckungen (1762) and Nachricht von den neuesten herculanischen Entdeckungen (1764) scholars obtained their first real information about the treasures excavated at Pompeii and Herculaneum.

Winckelmann again visited Naples, in 1765 and 1767, and wrote for the use of the electoral prince and princess of Saxony his Briefe an Bianconi, which were published eleven years after his death, in the Antologia romana. His masterpiece, the Geschichte der Kunst des Alterthums ("History of Ancient Art"), issued in 1764, was soon recognized as a permanent contribution to European literature. In this work Winckelmann sets forth both the history of Greek art and the principles on which it seemed to him to be based. He also presents a glowing picture of the political, social, and intellectual conditions which he believed tended to foster creative activity in ancient Greece. The fundamental idea of his theories are that the end of art is beauty and that this end can be attained only when individual and characteristic features are strictly subordinated to an artist's general scheme. The true artist, selecting from nature the phenomena fitted for his purpose, and combining them through the imagination, creates an ideal type marked in action by "Edle Einfalt und stille Größe" ("noble simplicity and quiet grandeur")—an ideal type in which normal proportions are maintained, particular parts, such as muscles and veins, not being permitted to break the harmony of the general outlines.

In the historical portion of his writings he used not only the works of art he himself had studied but the scattered notices on the subject to be found in ancient writers; and his wide knowledge and active imagination enabled him to offer many fruitful suggestions as to periods about which he had little direct information. Many of his conclusions, based on inadequate evidence of Roman copies, would be modified or reversed by his subsequent research. The fine enthusiasm of his work, its strong and yet graceful style, and its vivid descriptions of works of art give it enduring value and interest, even though some particulars that led to his conclusions are false. It marked an epoch by indicating the spirit in which the study of Greek art should be approached, and the methods by which investigators might hope to attain solid results. To Winckelmann's contemporaries it came as a revelatio, and exercised a profound influence on the best minds of the age. It was read with intense interest by Lessing, who had found in the earliest of Winckelmann's works the starting-point for his Laocoon. Image:Johann Joachim Winckelmann (Anton von Maron 1768).jpg

Winckelmann contributed various admirable essays to the Bibliothek der schönen Wissenschaften; and, in 1766, he published his Versuch einer Allegorie, which, although containing the results of much thought and reading, is not conceived in a thoroughly critical spirit. Of far greater importance was the work entitled Monumenti antichi inediti (1767-1768), prefaced by a Trattato preliminare, presenting a general sketch of the history of art. The plates in this work are representations of objects which had either been falsely explained or not explained at all. Winckelmann's explanations were of the highest service to archaeology, by showing that in the case of many works of art supposed to be connected with Roman history the ultimate sources of inspiration were to be found in Homer.

In 1768 Winckelmann went to Vienna, where he was received with honour by Maria Theresa. At Trieste on his way back he was murdered in a hotel bed by a man named Francesco Arcangeli, one of his lovers (June 8, 1768). He was buried in the churchyard of the cathedral of St. Giusto at Trieste. Domenico Rosetti and Cesare Pagnini documented the last week of Winckelmann's life. Heinrich Alexander Stoll translated the Italian document, the so-called "Mordakte Winckelmann", into German language what Pagnini edited in Italian language before. Pagnini found in the Archive of Trieste this and sometime later edited the documents himself.

[edit]