Kolkata

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Template:Redirect Template:Infobox Capital IN Kolkata (Bangla: কলকাতা; formerly known as Calcutta) is the capital city of the Indian state of West Bengal. It is located on the east bank of the River Hooghly in the Ganges Delta in southeastern portion of the state. With a population of more than 13 million, metropolitan Kolkata is the second-largest urban agglomeration and the fourth-largest city in India.<ref>Urban Morphology Ministry of Urban Development. Govt. of India</ref> Just south of the city is the Sundarbans delta — the world's largest mangrove forest; to the east is the international border with Bangladesh.

The name Kolkata was probably derived from Kalikata, one of the three villages in the area before the arrival of the British.<ref>Mukerji, Dr. S. C. 1991. The Changing Face of Calcutta: An Architectural Approach. Government of West Bengal</ref> Both Calcutta and Kolkata were likely derived from "Kalikata", with the former being an anglicised version of the latter. In an act that was largely seen as a political move, the government of West Bengal changed the official name of Calcutta to Kolkata; the new name was legalised on 30 July 2001.<ref>Politics of name change </ref> The first human settlement of the area around Kolkata dates to more than two millennia ago. The city was the centre of power of the British Indian Empire, serving as the capital of British India till 1911.

In the nineteenth century, Kolkata developed to become the most important centre for modern education, science, culture and politics in India, and the natural home of Indian intellectuals, scientists and artists. Kolkata became home of the first modern universities in India. Though the decades following Indian independence witnessed Kolkata's loss of much of its past glory and economic importance, the city is now experiencing economic rejuvenation. Like other large cities, Kolkata continues to struggle with urbanisation problems like poverty, pollution and traffic congestion. A vibrant city with a distinct socio-political culture, Kolkata is noted for its revolutionary history, which ranges from the Indian struggle for independence to the Naxalite and trade union movements. Labelled the "Cultural Capital of India", "The City of Processions", and the "City of Joy", Kolkata has also been home to luminaries such as Rabindranath Tagore, Subhash Chandra Bose, Mother Teresa, Satyajit Ray, and Amartya Sen.

History

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The discovery of the nearby ChandraketugarhTemplate:Inote, an archaeological site, provides evidence that the area has been inhabited for over two millennia. The city's documented history, however, begins with the arrival of the British East India Company in 1690, when the Company was consolidating their trade business in Bengal. Job Charnock, an administrator with the Company, is traditionally credited with founding the city.<ref>Britannica article</ref> In 1699, the British completed the construction of Fort William, which was used to station its troops and as a regional base. Kolkata (then Calcutta) was declared a Presidency City. As more territory was annexed by the British, Calcutta became the headquarters of the Bengal Presidency. Faced with frequent skirmishes with French forces, in 1756 the British began to upgrade their military strength and fortifications. When strong protests against the militarisation by the Nawab of Bengal Siraj-Ud-Daulah went unheeded, he attacked and captured Fort William; however, a large British contingent led by Robert Clive soon succeeded in recapturing the city.

As the British expanded their territorial conquests in India, Kolkata was named as the capital of British India in 1772. By the early 19th century, Kolkata was split into two distinct areas — one British, one Indian. During this period, it became eastern India's commercial and political hub. The city underwent rapid industrial growth from the 1850s, especially in the textile and jute sectors; this acted to stoke improvements in infrastructure. The coalescence of British and Indian cultures resulted in the emergence of a new class of urban Indians — Asia's first middle-class — whose members were often professionals, read newspapers, were Anglophiles, and usually belonged to upper-caste Hindu communities.<ref>Ian Jack.Introduction to "The Autobiography Of An Unknown Indian" by Nirad C. Chaudhury. New York Review Book. 2001.</ref> Throughout the nineteenth century, a socio-cultural reform, often referred to as the Bengal Renaissance (led by Ram Mohan Roy and Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, among others) resulted in the general socio-economic upliftment of the people.

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Kolkata became the centre of the Indian independence movement as calls for independence gained momentum. In 1883, Surendranath Banerjea organised the first National Conference to demand specific political concessions for Indians, which led to the subsequent formation of Indian National Congress in 1885. In 1905, Partition of Bengal on communal grounds resulted in widespread public agitation and the boycott of British goods. Revolutionary organisations such as the Anushilan Samiti and Jugantar were set up with the intention of using force against the British. These activities, along with the administratively disadvantageous location of Calcutta in eastern fringes of the British India, prompted the British to move the nation's capital to New Delhi in 1911.

During World War II the city's port was bombed twice by the Japanese <ref>Mrs Katyun Randhawa. "The bombing of Calcutta by the Japanese". WW2 People's War. BBC article</ref>. As food stocks were being diverted to feed European troops, millions starved to death during the Bengal famine of 1943<ref name="amartyabook">Template:Harv</ref>. In 1946, demands for the creation of an Islamic state of Pakistan led to large-scale Hindu-Muslim violence resulting in the death of over 2,000.<ref>Memoirs of Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy</ref>. After India's independence in 1947, the subsequent Partition of Bengal led to a shift in demographics as Hindus from East Bengal poured into the city with exodus of Muslims to East Pakistan (now Bangladesh).

Over the next three decades, several factors, including labour troubles, the predominance of trade-unions, severe power shortages, and frequent strikes led to disruptions in Kolkata's industrial production. In 1971, war between India and Pakistan led to the mass influx of thousands of refugees into Kolkata resulting in a massive strain on its infrastructure.<ref name="londonanthology">Template:Harv</ref> A violent Marxist-Maoist movement — the Naxalites — damaged much of the city's infrastructure in 1970s leading to the economic stagnation of the city. In the mid-1980, Mumbai (Bombay) overtook Kolkata as India's most populous city.

The city's economic recovery gathered momentum after economic reforms in India introduced by the central government in the mid-1990s. Since 2000, Information Technology (IT) services revitalized the city’s stagnant economy. The city has also experienced a growth in the manufacturing sector. Following similar moves elsewhere in the country, the state government changed the city’s official name from “Calcutta” to “Kolkata” in 2001; this act that was seen largely as a political ploy.

Geography

Template:Main Image:HowrahBridge Monsoonclouds.jpg Kolkata is located in eastern India at Template:Coor dm in the Ganges Delta at an elevation ranging between 1.5 to 9 metres.Template:Inote It is spread linearly along the banks of the River Hooghly in a north-south direction. Much of the city was originally a vast wetland, reclaimed over the decades to accomodate the city's burgeoning population. The Sundarbans National Park separates the city from the Bay of Bengal, which is located about 154 km to the south.

Like the most of the Indo-Gangetic plains, the predominant soil type is alluvial. Quaternary sediments consisting of clay, silt, various grades of sand and gravel underlie the city, which is sandwiched between two clay beds: one with the depth of between 250 to 260 m and the other with a depth of between 10 to 40 m. <ref>Bunting, Kundu and Mukherjee, 2002. "Situation Analysis of Production Systems and Natural Resources Use in PU Kolkata". p. 3. Stirling, UK: Institute of Aquaculture</ref>

Climate

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Kolkata has a subtropical climate. The annual mean temperature is 26.8 °C (80 °F); monthly mean temperatures range from 19 °C to 30 °C (67 °F to 86 °F). Summers are hot and humid and maximum temperatures often exceed 40 °C (104 °F) during May and June. Winter tends to last for only about two and a half months, with seasonal lows dipping to the 12 °C – 14 °C between December and January. The highest recorded temperature is 43 °C (111 °F) and the lowest is 5 °C (41 °F).<ref>Weatherbase entry for Kolkata</ref> Often during early summer, dusty squalls followed by spells of thunderstorm and heavy rains lash the city, bringing relief from the humid heat. These thunderstorms are locally known as Kal baisakhi (Nor'westers).Template:Inote

The southwest monsoon rains lash the city between June and September and supplies the city with most of its annual rainfall of 1,582 mm. The highest rainfall occurs during the monsoon in August (306 mm). The city receives 2,528 hours of sunshine per annum, with the maximum sunlight occurring in March.<ref>GAIA article</ref> Pollution is a major concern in Kolkata. Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) level is high when compared to levels in other major cities of India.<ref>Air quality monitor on 16-17 March, 2006 URL accessed on 20 April, 2006</ref> <ref>Air qualities in major cities</ref>

Urban structure

Kolkata is not a planned city. With an area of 185 km², the Kolkata district, under the jurisdiction of the Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC), is not very large. However, the city has continuously expanded on its boundaries and as of 2006, the urban agglomeration (Kolkata Metropolitan Area) comprises 157 postal areas and is formally administered by several local governments, including 38 local municipalities, 72 cities and 527 towns and villages.<ref>"Kolkata" p. 2. Metropolis.org</ref> The suburban areas of Kolkata metropolitan district incorporates parts of the districts North 24 Parganas, South 24 Parganas, Howrah, Hooghly and Nadia.

The east-to-west dimension of the city is narrow, stretching from the Hooghly River in the west to roughly the Eastern Metropolitan Bypass in the east, a span of roughly 5 km to 6 km Template:Inote. The north-south expansion is roughly divided into North, Central and South Kolkata. North Kolkata locality is the oldest part of the city, with 19th century architecture, narrow alleyways. The ambience in this area is reminiscent of the old Kolkata. South Kolkata grew mostly after independence and consists of elite localities. The Bidhan Nagar area to the northeast of the city is a planned section of Kolkata.<ref>History of Saltlake</ref>

Central Kolkata houses the central business district around the B. B. D. Bagh area. The government secretariat, General Post Office, High Court and several other government and private offices are located here. The Maidan is a large open field in the heart of the city where several sporting events and public meetings are held. Several companies have set up their offices around the area south of Park Street which has become a secondary Central Business District.

Economy

Template:Main Image:Flowermarket.jpg Kolkata is the main business, commercial and financial hub of eastern India and the northeastern states. It is home to the Calcutta Stock Exchange — India's second-largest bourse <ref>CSE Factbook. Calcutta Stock Exchange Association Ltd.</ref>. It is also a major commercial and military port, and the only city in the region to have an international airport.

Once India's leading city, Kolkata has experienced a steady economic decline in the years following India's independence due to a rise in trade-unionism and frequent strikes supported by left-wing parties. Between the 1960s to the late 1990s, several factories were closed and businesses relocated. The lack of capital and resources added to the depressed state of the city's economy and gave rise to the city's sobriquet — the "Dying City".<ref>Spiegel online article</ref> The liberalisation of the Indian economy in the 1990s along with the election of a new reformist Chief Minister have resulted in the improvement of the city's fortunes.

Until recently, flexible production had always been the norm in Kolkata, and the informal sector has comprised more than 40% of the labour force.<ref>Sanjoy Chakravorty. 2000. "From Colonial City to Global City? The Far-From-Complete Spatial Transformation of Calcutta" in Globalizing Cities: A New Spatial Order? P. Marcuse and R. van Kempen (Eds.), Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 56-77.</ref> State and federal government employees make up a large percentage of the city's workforce. Kolkata has a large unskilled and semi-skilled labour population, who primarily earn their livelihood as hawkers, taxi drivers, mechanics, housecleaners, rickshaw pullers and other blue collar workers. Kolkata's economic revival was led largely by IT services, with the IT sector growing at 70% yearly — twice that of the national average.<ref> Datta, T."Rising Kolkata's winners and losers". BBC Crossing Continents article. 22 March, 2006</ref>

Kolkata is home to many industrial units operated by large Indian corporations with products ranging from electronics to jute. Some notable companies headquartered in Kolkata include ITC Limited, Bata India, Birla Corporation, Coal India Limited, United Bank of India, Uco Bank and Allahabad Bank.

Civic administration

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The Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC), (formerly the Calcutta Municipal Corporation), established in 1876, is responsible for the civic maintenance and infrastructure of Kolkata. The city is divided into 141 administrative wards which are grouped into 15 boroughs. Each of these wards elects a councillor to the KMC. Each borough has a committee consisting of the councillors elected from the respective wards of the borough. The Corporation, through the borough committees, maintains government-aided schools, hospitals and municipal markets and partakes in urban planning and road maintenance.<ref> "Kolkata". p. 1. Metropolis.org</ref> The corporation as the apex body discharges its function through the Mayor-in-Council, consisting of a mayor, assisted by a deputy mayor, and ten other elected members of the KMC. The mayor is responsible for the overall functioning of the KMC and has a tenure of five-years.Template:Inote At present, the CPI(M) led Left Front holds the power in KMC. Image:WritersBuildingOld.gif The city also has an apolitical titular post, that of the Sheriff of Kolkata. The Sheriff presides over various city-related functions and conferences. Another ancilliary civic body is the Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority (KMDA) responsible for the statutory planning and development of the Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA). The KMA includes a large suburban hinterland around the urban centers of Kolkata.

As the capital of the state of West Bengal, Kolkata houses the state Legislative Assembly, the Secretariat (Writers' Building) and the Calcutta High Court. Kolkata also has lower courts, the Small Causes Court for civil matters, and the Sessions Court for criminal cases. The Kolkata Police, headed by the Police Commissioner, comes under the West Bengal Home Ministry. The city is administratively divided into five police-zones subdivided into 48 local police stations. The city elects 5 representatives to the Lok Sabha (India's lower house) and 24 representatives to the state Legislative Assembly.Template:Inote.

Utility services and media

The KMC supplies potable water to the city, sourced from the River Hooghly river. The water is purified and treated at Palta water pumping station located in North 24 Parganas. Almost all of Kolkata's daily refuse of 2500 tonnes is transported to the dumping grounds in Dhapa to the east of the town. Agriculture on this dumping ground is encouraged for natural recycling of garbage and sewer water.<ref>United Nations Environment Programme article</ref> Parts of the city still lack in sewage facilities leading to unsanitary methods of waste disposal.<ref>Calcutta: Not 'The City of Joy' GAIA]</ref> Electricity is supplied by the Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation (CESC) to the city region, and by the West Bengal State Electricity Board in the suburbs. Frequent interruption of power supply was a problem until the late 1990s, however the situation has since improved. The city has 20 fire stations (under West Bengal Fire Service) that attend 7,500 fire/rescue calls per year on an average.<ref> Dheri, Misra. Fire: Blazing Questions. Indiandisasters.org</ref>

State-owned BSNL and private enterprises like Hutch, Airtel, Reliance Infocomm and Tata Indicom are the leading telephone and Cell phone service providers in the city. Cellular coverage is extensive with both GSM and CDMA services being available. Broadband internet penetration has steadily increased with BSNL, Tata, Airtel and Reliance being the leading service providers.

Bengali language newspapers like Anandabazar Patrika, Aajkaal, Bartaman, Sangbad Pratidin are widely circulated and enjoy the patronage of large number of the city's residents. Regional and national English newspapers such as The Telegraph, The Statesman, Asian Age, Hindustan Times and The Times of India are sold in large numbers. Vernacular newspapers such as those in Hindi, Urdu, Punjabi are also read by a minority. Kolkata has six local FM stations: AIR Kolkata, Radio Mirchi (98.3 MHz), Red FM (93.5 MHz), Aamar FM (106.2 MHz), Gyan Vani (105.4 MHz), and Power FM (107.8 MHz). The state-owned television broadcaster Doordarshan provides two free terrestrial channels, while four MSO provide a mix of Bengali, Hindi, English and other regional channels. Template:Seealso

Transport

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Public transport is provided by the Kolkata suburban railway and the Kolkata metro as well as by trams and buses. The suburban network is extensive and extends into the distant suburbs. The Kolkata metro, run by the Indian Railways, is the oldest underground system in India. It runs parallel to the Hooghly and spans the north-south length of the city covering a distance of 16.45 km. Buses are the preferred mode of transport and are run by both government agencies and private operators. Kolkata is India's only remaining city to have a tram network. The slow-moving tram services are restricted to certain areas of the city.

Hired forms of mechanised transport include the all-yellow metered taxis and autorickshaws. Almost all the taxis in Kolkata are Ambassadors. This is unlike most other cities where Fiats are more common. In some areas of the city, cycle-rickhaws and hand-pulled rickshaws are also patronised by the public for short distances. Private owned vehicles are less in number and usage compared to other major cities.<ref> Table E 2. Registered Motor Vehicles in Million-plus Cities,1991 to 1996 Handbook of Urban Statistics. National Institute of Urban Affairs.</ref> The road space (matched with population density) in the city is only 6%, compared to 23% in Delhi and 17% in Mumbai, creating major traffic problems.<ref>Call to ensure... Hindu Business Online. September 6. 2004.</ref> Kolkata Metro Railway and a number of new roads and flyovers have been able to decongest the traffic to some extent.

Kolkata has two major long distance railway stations at Howrah Station and Sealdah. It is also the headquarters of two divisions of the Indian Railways – Eastern Railway and South Eastern Railway. The city's sole airport, the Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport at Dum Dum to the north of the city, operates both domestic and international flights. Kolkata is also a major seaport in eastern India and handles much of the cargo in the area. It also operates passenger services to Port Blair in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Demographics

Residents of Kolkata are called Calcuttans. As of 2001, Kolkata city had a population of 4,580,544, while the urban agglomeration had a population of 13,216,546. The sex ratio is 828 females per 1000 males – which is lower than the national average, because many working males come from rural areas, where they leave behind their families. Kolkata's literacy rate of 80.86% <ref>Table 11. WB Census</ref> exceeds the all-India average of 59.5%. Bengalis comprise the majority of Kolkata's population, with Marwaris and Bihari communities forming a large portion of the minorities. Some of Kolkata's notable communities include Chinese, Tamils, Marwaris, Anglo-Indians, Jews, Armenians, Tibetans, Greeks, and Parsis. Major languages spoken in Kolkata are Bengali, Hindi, English, Urdu and Bhojpuri. Image:Kolkataslum.jpg According to the 2001 census, 77.68% of the population in Kolkata is Hindu, 20.27% Muslim and 0.88% Christian. Other minorities such as Buddhist, Jews and Zoroastrian constitute the rest of the city's population.<ref>Census GIS Household censusindiamaps.net. 2006 </ref> 1.7 million people (about a third of Kolkata’s population) lives in 2,011 registered and 3,500 unregistered (occupied by squatters) slums .<ref> Kundu, Dr. Nitai. "The Case of Kolkata", p.6 , link from University College London 2003 DPU</ref> Numerous people live in streets and earn their living as low-wage labourers or beggars; nearly half of these pavement-dwellers are children.<ref> Vater, Tom.India's Lost Generation: Amongst Calcutta’s 100.000 homeless children</ref>

Kolkata reported 67.6% of total Special and Local Laws (SLL) crimes registered in 35 Indian mega cities.<ref>"Crime in India-2004". Snapshots-2004. p.1. National Crime Records Bureau.</ref> Kolkata police district registered 10,757 IPC cases in 2004, which was 10th highest in the country.<ref>"Crime in India-2004". p. 34. National Crime Records Bureau.</ref> The crime rate in Kolkata was 81.4 per 100,000 against the national rate of 168.8 in 2004 .<ref>"Crime in India-2004". p. 158. National Crime Records Bureau.</ref> Kolkata's Sonagachi area, with more than 9,000 sex workers, is one of India's largest red-light districts.

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Culture

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Kolkata has long been known for its literary, artistic and revolutionary heritage. As the former capital of India, Kolkata was the birthplace of modern Indian literary and artistic thought. Calcuttans tend to have a special appreciation for art and literature; its tradition of welcoming new talent has made it a "city of furious creative energy". <ref> Sinha, Pradip.1990. "Kolkata and the Currents of History" in Kolkata — The Living City. Volume 1: The Past,. Ed. Chaudhuri, S. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Quoted by Heierstad, Geir. "Nandikar: Staging Globalisation in Kolkata and Abroad" p.102. by University of Oslo, 2003</ref> The city also has a tradition of dramas in the form of jatra (a kind of folk-theatre), theatres and Group Theatres.

A characteristic feature of Kolkata is the Para or neighbourhoods having a strong sense of community. Typically, every para has its own community club with a clubroom and often, a playing field. People here habitually indulge in adda or leisurely chat , and these adda sessions are often a form of freestyle intellectual conversation.Template:Inote The city has a tradition of political graffitis depicting everything from outrageous slander to witty banter and limericks, caricatures to propaganda.

Kolkata is known for its Bengali film industry dubbed "Tollywood", and for its art films. Its long tradition of filmmaking includes such acclaimed film directors as Satyajit Ray and Ritwik Ghatak to contemporary directors such as Aparna Sen. The city is also noted for its appreciation of Indian classical music and the rich literary tradition set by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, Rabindranath Tagore and Sunil Gangopadhyay among others.

Image:Victoria memorial water.PNG Key elements of Kolkata's cuisine include rice and macher jhol (fish curry), with Rasgulla as dessert. Bengal's vast repertoire of fish-based dishes include various hilsa preparations (a favourite among Bengalis). Street foods such as Kati roll, phuchka and Chinese food from China Town in the eastern part of the city are quite popular. Men usually prefer Western-style clothing over traditional dhotis and kurtas, although women tend to prefer wearing traditional saris and salwar kameezes.

Kolkata has many buildings adorned with Gothic, Baroque, Roman, Oriental and Indo-Islamic (including Mughal) motifs. The "City of Palaces", as Kolkata is often called, is dotted with colonial buildings. Some of the major buildings of this period are well maintained and several buildings have been declared "heritage structures", while others are in various stages of decay. Established in 1814, the Indian Museum is the oldest<ref>Indian museum</ref> museum in Asia and houses vast collection of Indian natural history and Indian art. The Victoria Memorial, one of the major tourist attractions in Kolkata, has a museum documenting the city's history. The National Library of India is India's leading public library. Academy of Fine Arts and other art galleries hold regular art exhibitions.

Durga Puja is the most notable of the religious festival in Kolkata. Durga Puja occurs over a period of four to five days in October. Other notable festivals include Diwali, Eid, Holi and Christmas. Some of the cultural festivals are Calcutta Book Fair, Dover Lane music festival, Kolkata Film Festival and National Theatre Festival.

Kolkata is sister city to Long Beach, California in the United States. Template:See also

Education

Template:Main Image:Mchbuilding.JPG Kolkata's schools are either run by the state government or by private (occasionally religious) organisations. Schools mainly use English or Bengali as the medium of instruction, though Hindi and Urdu may also be used. The schools are affiliated with the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE), the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE), or the West Bengal Board of Secondary Education. Under the [[10+2+3 plan]], after completing their secondary education, students typically enroll in a 2 year junior college (also known as a pre-university) or in schools with a higher secondary facility affiliated with West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education. Students usually choose from one of three streams — liberal arts, commerce, or science, though vocational streams are also available. Upon completing the required coursework, students may enroll in general or professional degree programs.

Kolkata has nine universities; numerous colleges are affiliated to these nine or to other universities located outside of Kolkata. The University of Calcutta (founded in 1857) has more than 200 affiliated colleges. Bengal Engineering & Science University and Jadavpur University have notable engineering institutions. Other notable institutions are Presidency College and St. Xavier's College. Calcutta Medical College is the oldest institution teaching Western-style (allopathic) medicine in Asia.Template:Inote Some institutions of national importance are the Asiatic Society, the Indian Statistical Institute, the Indian Institute of Management, and the Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics.

Sports

Image:KolkataEdenOngoingCricket.jpg Football (soccer) is the most popular sport in the city and the city is one the major centres of football activity in India. It is home to top national clubs such as East Bengal and Mohan Bagan. Like in the rest of India, cricket is popular and is played throughout the city in its grounds and streets. Tournaments, especially those involving outdoor games like cricket, football, and badminton or indoor games like carrom, are regularly organised on an inter-locality or inter-club basis. The Maidan area hosts several minor football and cricket clubs and coaching institutes. Notable sports stars from Kolkata include former Indian national cricket captain Sourav Ganguly and Olympic tennic bronze medalist Leander Paes.

Kolkata is known for its large stadiums. The Eden Gardens is India's oldest cricket ground and is, at present, one of only two 100,000-seat cricket amphitheatres in the world. Salt Lake Stadium — a multi-use stadium — is the world's highest-capacity football stadium. Netaji Indoor Stadium is an air-conditioned indoor stadium, while Calcutta Cricket and Football Club is the second-oldest cricket club in the world. Kolkata has three 18-hole golf courses at the Royal Calcutta Golf Club (the first golf club in the world outside Britain), Tollygunge Club and Fort William. The Kolkata Race Course holds regular equestrian races and polo matches. The Calcutta South Club is the venue for some national and international tennis tournaments. The Calcutta Rowing Club hosts regular rowing races and training.

See also

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Notes

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References

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| Surname1 = Roy
| Given1 = Ananya
| Year = 2002
| Title = City Requiem, Calcutta: Gender and The Politics of Poverty
| Publisher = University of Minnesota Press
| ISBN = 0816639329

| Surname1 = Bennett
| Given1 = A
| Surname2= Hindle
| Given2= J
| Year = 1996
| Title = London Review of Books: An Anthology
| Publisher= Verso
| ISBN = 185984121X
| Pages = 63-70

| Surname1 = Thomas
| Given1 = Frederic C
| Year = 1977
| Title = Calcutta Poor: Elegies on a City Above Pretense
| Publisher = M.E. Sharpe
| ISBN = 1563249812

| Surname1 = Marston
| Given1 = Daniel
| Year = 2001
| Title = The Seven Year's War
| Publisher = Osprey Publishing
| ISBN= 1841761915

| Surname1 = Sen
| Given1 = Amartya
| Year = 1973
| Title = Poverty and Famines
| Publisher = Oxford University Press, USA
| ID = ISBN 0-198-28463-2

Template:Col-2

| Surname1 = Mitra
| Given1 = Ashok
| Year = 1976
| Title = Calcutta Diary
| Publisher = Routledge (UK)
| ISBN= 0714630829

| Surname1 = Sen
| Given1 = Amartya
| Year = 1981
| Title = Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation
| Publisher = Oxford University Press
| ISBN= 0198284632

| Surname1 = Ghosh
| Given1 = S C 
| Year = 1970
| Title = The Social Condition of the British Community in Bengal, 1757-1800
| Publisher = Beill Academic Publishers
| ISBN= 9004030034

| Surname1 = 
| Given1 =  
| Year = 2003
| Edition = 10
| Title = Lonely Planet India
| Publisher = Lonely Planet
| ISBN= 1740594215

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External links

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