List of protosciences

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This is a list of protosciences. It includes any protosciences or, in other words, any new area of scientific endeavor in the process of becoming established. It can include speculative sciences. This list includes science fields and science theories presented in accordance with known evidence, and a body of associated predictions have been made according to that theory, but the predictions have not yet been tested.

Some protosciences go on to become a widely accepted part of science, such as plate tectonics which eventually became an accepted scientific model. Other protoscientific theories end up being disproven. If their followers refuse to accept the falsification of their theories, protoscience can then become regarded as pseudoscience. The falsification of the original theory sometimes leads to reformulation of the theory.

Note: Idiosyncratic theories, or theories with an extremely small base of followers or peculiar to an individual, are not encyclopedic and should not be included. Pure pseudoscience should not be included either.

Contents 1 List 1.1 A to H 1.2 I to P 1.3 Q to Z 2 See also

List

A to H

• Astrobiology is an interdisciplinary field, combining aspects of astronomy, biology and geology, which considers the question of whether extraterrestrial life exists and if so, then what are its origin, distribution, and evolution.
• Biological electronic aesthetic mechanics is a type of analog robotics that uses simple analog circuits instead of a microprocessor.
• Brane cosmology is a protoscience motivated by, but not rigorously derived from, superstring theory and M-theory. The idea is to solve problems in cosmology using speculative particle physics theories and in turn use cosmological observations to motivate ideas in string theory.
• Cognitive science of mathematics is the study of mathematical ideas using the techniques of cognitive science. Specifically, it is the search for foundations of mathematics in human cognition.
• Cryonics is the practice of preserving humans and pets by storing them at cryogenic temperatures - where metabolism and decay are almost completely stopped - for the purpose of future reanimation. Unlike cryogenics, cryonics is not an established science and is viewed with skepticism by most scientists and doctors today. But a there is a disproportionately large number of scientists among cryonicists.
• Evolutionary psychology (or EP) proposes that human and primate cognition and behavior can be better understood in light of human evolution.
• Grand unification theory is a theory in physics that unifies the strong interaction and electroweak interaction.

I to P

• Memetics is the scientific approach to evolutionary models of information transfer based on the concept of the meme.
• M-theory is a solution proposed for the unknown theory of everything which would combine all five superstring theories and 11-dimensional supergravity together. According to Dr. Edward Witten, who proposed the theory, mathematical tools which have yet to be invented are needed in order to fully understand it.
• Neurotheology, also known as biotheology, is a field of scientific study that analyzes the biological basis of spirituality.
• Oneirology is the new branch of science developing around discovering what governs dreams. See Lucid dreaming for more information.

Q to Z

• Quantum gravity is the field of theoretical physics attempting to unify the theory of quantum mechanics, which describes three of the fundamental forces of nature, with general relativity, the theory of the fourth fundamental force: gravity.
• Sociobiology is a synthesis of scientific disciplines that attempts to explain behaviour in all species by considering the evolutionary advantages of social behaviours.
• String theory is a model of fundamental physics whose building blocks are one-dimensional extended objects (strings) rather than the zero-dimensional points (particles) that are the basis of the Standard Model of particle physics. For this reason, string theories are able to avoid problems associated with the presence of pointlike particles in a physical theory. Study of string theories has revealed that they require not just strings but other objects, variously including points, membranes, and higher-dimensional objects.
• Superstring theory is an attempt to explain all of the particles and fundamental forces of nature in one theory by modeling them as vibrations of tiny supersymmetric strings. It is considered one of the most promising candidate theories of quantum gravity. Superstring theory is a shorthand for "supersymmetric string theory" because unlike bosonic string theory, it is the version of string theory that incorporates fermions and supersymmetry.
• Supersymmetry is a hypothetical symmetry that relates bosons and fermions. In supersymmetric theories, every fundamental fermion has a superpartner which is a boson and vice versa. Although supersymmetry has yet to be observed in the real world it remains a vital part of many proposed theories of physics, including various extensions to the Standard Model as well as modern superstring theories.
• Technological singularity represents an "event horizon" in the predictability of human technological development past which present models of the future cease to give reliable or accurate answers, following the creation of strong artificial intelligence or the amplification of human intelligence.
• Theory of everything (TOE) is a theory of theoretical physics and mathematics that fully explains and links together all known physical phenomena. Initially, the term was used with an ironic connotation to refer to various overgeneralized theories. Over time, the term stuck in popularizations of quantum physics to describe a theory that would unify the theories of the four fundamental interactions of nature.
• Transpersonal psychology is a school of psychology that studies the transcendent, or spiritual dimensions of humanity. Among these factors we find such issues as self-development, peak experiences, mystical experiences and the possibility of development beyond traditional ego-boundaries.

See also

Related: protosciences, pseudosciencespt:Lista de protociências