Museum

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(Redirected from Museums)

A museum is typically a "permanent institution in the service of society and of its development, open to the public, which acquires, conserves, researches, communicates and exhibits, for purposes of study, education, enjoyment, the tangible and intangible evidence of people and their environment." This definition is taken from the International Council of Museums (ICOM) Statutes.

1 Overview
2 Museum Definitions
3 Etymology
4 Types of museums
5 Management
6 History
7 Architecture
8 Further reading
9 See also
10 External links

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Overview

Image:School children in Louvre.jpg Museums collect and care for objects of scientific, artistic, or historical importance and make them available for public viewing through exhibits that may be permanent or temporary. Large museums are located in major cities throughout the world and more local ones exist in small cities. Most museums offer programs and activities for a range of audiences, including adults, children, and families, as well as those for more specific professions. Programs for the public may consist of lectures or tutorials by the museum faculty or field experts, films, musical or dance perfomances, and technology demonstrations. Many times, museums concentrate on the host region's culture. Although most museums do not allow physical contact with the associated artifacts, there are some that are interactive and encourage a more hands-on approach. Modern trends in museology have broadened the range of subject matter and introduced many interactive exhibits, which give the public the opportunity to make choices and engage in activities that may vary the experience from person to person. With the advent of the internet, there are growing numbers of virtual exhibits, i.e. web versions of exhibits showing images and playing recorded sound.

Museums are usually open to the general public, sometimes charging an admission fee. Some museums have free entrance, either permanently or on special days, e.g. once per week or year.

Museums are usually not run for the purpose of making a profit, unlike galleries which engage in the sale of objects. There are governmental museums, non-governmental or non-profit museums, and privately-owned or family museums.

It is said that there are more museums per person in Finland than in any other country in the world.[1]

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Museum Definitions

Museums Association Definition 'Museums enable people to explore collections for inspiration, learning and enjoyment. They are institutions that collect, safeguard and make accessible artefacts and specimens, which they hold in trust for society.'

Adopted: 1998

Museums Association - old definition 'A museum is an institution which collects, documents, preserves, exhibits and interprets material evidence and associated information for the public benefit'

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Etymology

The word "museum" comes from the Latin museum, plural musea, which is in turn derived from the Greek mouseion, which refers to a place or temple dedicated to the Muses (the patron divinities in Greek mythology of the arts), and hence a building set apart for study, especially the institute for philosophy and research at the Library established at Alexandria by Ptolemy I Soter c280 B.C.

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Types of museums

Modern museums generally concentrate on a particular subject, and most museums belong to one or more of the following categories: fine arts, applied arts, craft, archaeology, anthropology and ethnology, history, cultural history, military history, science, technology, children's museums, natural history, numismatics, and philately. Within these categories many museums specialize further, e.g. museums of modern art, local history, aviation history, agriculture or geology. A museum normally houses a core collection of important selected objects in its field. Objects are formally accessioned by being registered in the museum's collection with an artifact number and details recorded about their provenance. The persons in charge of the collection and of the exhibits are known as curators.

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History museums

History museums have concern over the knowledge of history and its relevance to the present and future. The museums tend to cover specialized aspects of history at the local or state level; some are more general. Such museums contain a wide range of historical objects, including ancient artifacts, antique belongings, and rare models. Antiquities museums specializes in more archaeological findings.

A common type of history museum is a historic house. A historic house can be a stately home, the birthplace of a famous person, or a house with an interesting history. Historic sites can also become museums, particularly those that mark public crimes, such as Tuol Sleng or Robben Island.

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Art museums

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An art museum, also known as an art gallery, is a space for the exhibition of art, usually visual art, and usually primarily paintings, illustrations, and sculpture. It is also sometimes used as a location for the sale of art. Image:Muzeum czartoryskich.JPG Image:Hemitage-exterior.jpg The first museum in Europe was The British Museum in London, which was founded in 1753 and opened free to the public in 1759. It was a 'universal museum' with art, history, and science collections, and a library. The science collections, library, portraits, paintings and modern sculpture have since been found separate homes, leaving history, drawings, and prints. The specialised art museum is considered a fairly modern invention, the first being the Hermitage in St. Petersburg which was established in 1764, the Louvre in Paris, France, which was established in 1793, soon after the French Revolution when the royal treasures were declared for the people and Czartoryski Museum in Kraków, which was established in 1796 by Princess Izabela Czartoryska. This showed the beginnings of removing art collections from the private domain of aristocracy and the wealthy into the public sphere, where they were seen as sites for educating the masses in taste and cultural refinement.

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Science museums

Image:Guayaquil IMAX LasPenas.JPG Science museums and technology centers revolve around scientific marvels and their history. To explain complicated inventions, a combination of demonstrations, interactive programs and thought-provoking media are used. Some museums may have exhibits on topics such as computers, aviation, physics, astronomy, and the animal kingdom. Science museums, in particular, may consist of planetariums, or large theatre usually built around a dome. Museums may have IMAX feature films, which may provide 3-D viewing or higher quality picture. As a result, IMAX content provides a more immersive experience for people of all ages.

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Natural history museums

Image:National Museum of Natural History.jpg Museums of natural history and natural science typically exhibit work of the natural world. The focus lies on nature and culture. Exhibitions may educate the masses about dinosaurs, ancient history, and anthropology. Evolution, environmental issues, and biodiversity are major areas in natural science museums. Notable museums of this type include the Natural History Museum in London, the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C., and the American Museum of Natural History in New York City which contain important collections of artifacts and specimens.

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Open-air museums

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Main article: Open-air museum

Open air museums collect and re-erect old buildings at large outdoor sites, usually in settings of re-created landscapes of the past. The first one was King Oscar II's collection near Oslo in Norway, opened in 1881. In 1891 Arthur Hazelius founded the famous Skansen in Stockholm, which became the model for subsequent open air museums in Northern and Eastern Europe, and eventually in other parts of the world. Most open air museums are located in regions where wooden architecture prevail, as wooden structures may be translocated without substantial loss of authenticity. A more recent but related idea is realized in the ecomuseums, which originated in France.

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Other museums

A number of different museums exist to demonstrate a variety of topics. Music museums may celebrate the life and work of composers or musicians. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio is a good example. A recent development with the expansion of the web, is the establishment of virtual museums, typically with no counterpart in the real world. Museums targeted for the youth, such as the Miami Children's Museum, often exhibit interactive and educational material on a wide array of topics. The Baseball Hall of Fame museum is an institution of the sports category.

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Management

The museum is usually run by a director, who has a curatorial staff that cares for the objects and arranges their display. Large museums often will have a research division or institute, which are frequently involved with studies related to the museum's items, as well as an education department, in charge of providing interpretation of the materials to the general public. The director usually reports to a higher body, such as a governmental department or a board of trustees.

Objects come to the collection through a variety of means. Either the museum itself or an associated institute may organize expeditions to acquire more items or documentation for the museum. More typically, however, museums will purchase or trade for artifacts or receive them as donations or bequests.

For instance, a museum featuring Impressionist art may receive a donation of a Cubist work which simply cannot be fit into the museum's exhibits, but it can be used to help acquire a painting more central to the museum's focus. This activity, However, this process of acquiring objects outside the museum's purview in order to acquire more desirable objects is considered unethical by many museum professionals. Larger museums may have an "Acquisitions Department" whose staff is engaged fulltime in this kind of activity. Most museums have a collections policy to help guide what is and is not included in the collection.

Museums often cooperate to sponsor joint, often traveling, exhibits on particular subjects when one museum may not by itself have a collection sufficiently large or important. These exhibits have limited engagements and often depend upon an additional entry fee from the public to cover costs.

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History

Early museums began as princely collections of art and rare or curious natural objects and artifacts. These were often displayed in so-called wonder rooms or cabinets of curiosities.

The first public museum in Europe was The British Museum in London, which was founded in 1753 and opened free to the public in 1759. It was a 'universal museum' with art, history, and science collections, and a library. The science collections, library, portraits, paintings, and sculpture from modern times, have since been found separate homes, leaving history, drawings, prints, and ancient art.

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