Nepotism

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Nepotism means favoring relatives or personal friends because of their relationship rather than because of their abilities. The word is generally used in a derogatory sense.

For example, if a manager employed or promoted a relative rather than a more qualified non-relative, that manager would be guilty of nepotism. Some biologists have suggested that a tendency towards nepotism is instinctual, a form of kin selection.

The word nepotism comes from the Latin word 'nepos', meaning "nephew". In the Middle Ages, some Catholic popes and bishops, who had taken vows of chastity, raised their illegitimate sons as "nephews" and gave them preferences. Several popes are known to have elevated nephews and other relatives to the cardinalate. Often, such appointments were used as a means of continuing a papal "dynasty". For instance, Pope Callixtus III, of the Borgia family, made two of his nephews Cardinals; one of them, Rodrigo, later used his position as a Cardinal as a stepping stone to the papacy, becoming Pope Alexander VI. Coincidentally, Alexander—one of the most corrupt popes—elevated Alessandro Farnese, his mistress's brother, to the cardinalate; Farnese would later go on to become Pope Paul III. Paul also engaged in nepotism, appointing, for instance, two nephews (aged fourteen and sixteen) Cardinals. The practice was finally ended when Pope Innocent XII issued a bull in 1692. The papal bull prohibited popes in all times from bestowing estates, offices, or revenues on any relative, with the exception that one qualified relative (at most) could be made a Cardinal.

In Australia there have been recent accusations of Nepotism within the Anglican Church in Sydney when the Archbishop, Dr Peter Jensen appointed his younger brother Philip Jensen as the Dean of the St Andrew's Cathedral Sydney. The Bishop's son occupied the position of Chaplain at the Cathedral School, a large institution of about 900 mainly Anglican boys and girls. The Bishop's Son-in-Law holds a teaching position at the highly influential Moore Theological College at which Dr Jensen had been Principal until his appointment as Archbishop. In 2002 the Sydney media covered the appointment of Christine Jensen, the Archbishop's wife, as the Archbishop's advisor on women's issues. The justification for the appointments in each case has been that a member of the Archbishop's family has simply been the best person for the job. They are in fact highly talented, intellectual and dynamic and committed to a type of Calvinist Evangelical Theology that has put the Church in Sydney at odds with Anglicans throughout the World.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref> Template:Cite web </ref>

Nepotism is a common accusation in politics when the relative of a powerful figure ascends to similar power seemingly without appropriate qualifications. For example, when U.S. Senator Frank Murkowski, was elected Governor of Alaska, he appointed his daughter, State Representative Lisa Murkowski, to fill the remaining two years of his seat and was accused of nepotism. (Murkowski won reelection on her own in 2004.) John F. Kennedy was accused of nepotism by some for his appointment of his brother Robert Kennedy as Attorney General. Families elsewhere have also dominated politics of their homeland, such as Tun Abdul Razak, the second Prime Minister of Malaysia, and his son, Najib Tun Razak, the current Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia, and Minister Mentor Lee Kuan Yew, the first Prime Minister of Singapore, and his son, Lee Hsien Loong, who recently succeeded Goh Chok Tong as Prime Minister of Singapore. Many countries in Asia have this tilt towards dynastic rule. In India, the Nehru-Gandhi dynasty has been ruling India for most part since Independence while other people in India have always given preference to their kith and kin in various states in India.

In the UK, the popular expression "And Bob's your uncle" originated when Robert Cecil, Marquess of Salisbury, the Prime Minister, appointed his nephew, Arthur Balfour, to a prestigious position. The phrase was originally a sarcastic jibe at nepotism, but today simply means "no problem" or "everything is done", as in: "insert the plug, press the switch, and Bob's your uncle."

In Romania nepotism is very commonly used as a word describing a 'connection' (relationship) that allows a person to obtain a certain job. 'Nepot' in romanian means "nephew". During communist rule, nepotism was often the only way of getting a good, well-paid job.

Nepotism has also been known humorously as payrola, after payola.

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References

Francis Fitzgerald. 1972. Fire in the Lake: The Vietnamese and the Americans in Vietnam. Boston: Back Bay Books. ISBN 0316159190. pp. 94-97, 126-127.

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Nepotism

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