Nitroglycerin

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Nitroglycerin, also known as nitroglycerine, trinitroglycerin, and glyceryl trinitrate, is a chemical compound. It is a heavy, colorless, poisonous, oily, explosive liquid obtained by nitrating glycerol. It is used in the manufacture of explosives, specifically dynamite, and as such is employed in the construction and demolition industries. It is also used medically as a vasodilator to treat heart conditions. It is colored yellow when it is decomposing due to acidic pH.

1 History
2 Instability and desensitization
3 Detonation
4 Preparation
- 4.1 Manufacturing
5 Medical use
6 Other uses
7 External links

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History

Nitroglycerin was discovered by chemist Ascanio Sobrero in 1847, working under TJ Pelouze at the University of Torino. The best manufacturing process was developed by Alfred Nobel in the 1860s. His company exported a liquid combination of nitroglycerin and gunpowder as 'Swedish Blasting Oil', but the extreme danger as a result of its extreme instability, as shown in a number of "appalling catastrophes," led to the liquid being widely banned and the development of dynamite (and similar mixtures such as dualine and lithofracteur), mixing the nitroglycerine with inert (Nobel used kieselguhr) or combustible absorbents (e.g., nitrocellulose to produce the yellow gel, blasting gelatine).

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Instability and desensitization

In its pure form, it is a contact explosive (i.e., physical shock can cause it to explode) and degrades over time to even more unstable forms. This makes it highly dangerous to transport or use. In this undiluted form it is one of the most powerful high explosives, comparable to the military explosives RDX and PETN (which are not used in munitions at full concentration because of their sensitivity) as well as the plastic explosive C-4.

Early in the history of this explosive it was discovered that liquid nitroglycerin can be "desensitized" by cooling to 5 to 10 °C (40 to 50 °F), at which temperature it freezes, contracting upon solidification. However, later thawing can be extremely sensitizing, especially if impurities are present or if warming is too rapid. It is possible to chemically "desensitize" nitroglycerin to a point where it can be considered approximately as "safe" as modern High Explosive formulations, by the addition of approximately 10 to 30% ethanol, acetone, or dinitrotoluene (percentage varies with the desensitizing agent used). Desensitization requires extra effort to reconstitute the "pure" product. Failing this, it must be assumed that desensitized nitroglycerin is substantially more difficult to detonate, possibly rendering it useless as an explosive for practical application.

A serious problem in the use of nitroglycerin results from its high freezing point (13 °C [55 °F]). Solid nitroglycerin is much less sensitive to shock than the liquid, a feature common in explosives and in the past it has often been shipped in the frozen state, but this has resulted in a high number of accidents during the thawing process by the end user just prior to use. This disadvantage is overcome by using mixtures of nitroglycerin with other polynitrates; for example, a mixture of nitroglycerin and ethylene glycol dinitrate freezes at -29 °C (-20 °F)."Template:Fn

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Detonation

Nitroglycerin and any or all of the diluents mentioned above can certainly deflagrate or burn. However, the explosive power of nitroglycerin is derived from detonation: a shock propagates through the fuel-rich medium at a supersonic speed. In other words, the initial decomposition sets up a pressure gradient that induces decomposition in contiguous material, creating a fast-moving transition zone, which (due to the nature of the material) can detonate any unstable or explosive material it encounters. This generates a self-sustained cascade of near-instantaneous pressure-induced decomposition into gas of the explosive material, which grows upon itself exponentially. This is quite unlike deflagration, which depends solely upon available fuel, regardless of pressure or shock.

An explosion is essentially a very fast combustion, and combustion requires fuel and an oxidant. Nitroglycerin, as can be seen from its composition and structure (above), in essence, contains both of these components. If it is detonated under pressure, it explodes to form thousands of times its original volume in hot gas.

One of these gases is nitrogen gas. N₂ is very stable so its production is highly exothermic, which is why nitrogen is a main constituent of most explosives.

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Preparation

Nitroglycerin is prepared by nitration of glycerol (also known as glycerin).

First, you must create a nitrating solution. Slowly mix 200 ml of 98 to 100% nitric acid with 300 ml of 98-100% sulphuric acid into a 1000 ml beaker which is submersed in a salt-ice bath. Make sure to cool down the mixture to 10 °C before the next step.

Next, add 112 ml of glycerol, which has previously been cooled to 15 °C, very slowly (i.e. drop by drop using a buret suspended over the beaker) to the nitrating solution. Slowly stir it, with extreme care to not tap the stirring device against the side of the beaker, as the impact of the stirring rod against the container has been known to create enough pressure to detonate the nitroglycerin. Carefully monitor the temperature while adding the glycerol; the temperature should never rise above 20 °C and should be kept below 15 °C as a safety precaution. If the temperature starts rising, stop adding glycerol and slowly stir until the temperature goes back down.

Keep a jug of ice water nearby and if at any time the temperature rises above 20 °C or red fumes are noticed, carefully dump the solution into the ice water immediately. Once all of the glycerol has been added, let the mixture cool down to 15 °C and let it stand for 15 minutes. Then pour this mixture into a large container containing an equal amount of water at room temperature. Add this mixture to a separatory funnel. The nitroglycerin will settle onto the bottom of the funnel.

Drain out the nitroglycerin layer and then add to a clean funnel, with plenty of water at approximately 38 to 45 °C and wait for it to separate. Then, drain out the nitroglycerin layer again. Repeat the washing process above with a 4% sodium carbonate solution instead of water. Then wash with water again three more times. Give it one more wash with a concentrated sodium chloride solution and then test with litmus for acidity. It should be neutral or it will explode. Keep washing until it tests neutral with litmus.

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Manufacturing

The industrial manufacturing process often uses a nearly 50:50 mixture of sulphuric acid and nitric acid. This can be produced by mixing white fuming nitric acid (quite costly pure nitric acid in which oxides of nitrogen have been removed, as apart from red fuming nitric acid) and concentrated sulfuric acid. More often, this mixture is attained by the cheaper method of mixing fuming sulphuric acid (sulphuric acid containing excess Sulfur trioxide) and azeotropic nitric acid (containing around 70% of nitric acid, the rest being water).

The sulphuric acid produces protonated nitric acid species, which are attacked by glycerin's nucleophilic oxygen atoms. The nitro group is thus added as an ester C-O-NO₂ and water is produced. This is apart from an aromatic nitration reaction in which nitronium ions are the active species in an electrophilic attack of the molecules ring system.

The addition of glycerin results in an exothermic reaction (i.e., heat is produced), as usual for mixed acid nitrations. However, if the mixture becomes too hot, it results in runaway, a state of accelerated nitration accompanied by the destructive oxidizing of organic materials of nitric acid and the release of very poisonous brown nitrogen dioxide gas at high risk of an explosion. Thus, the glycerin mixture is added slowly to the reaction vessel containing the mixed acid (not acid to glycerin as one might expect). The nitrator is cooled with cold water or some other coolant mixture and maintained throughout the glycerin addition at about 22 °C, much below which the esterification occurs too slowly to be useful. The nitrator vessel, often contructed of iron or lead and generally stirred with compressed air, has an emergency trap door at its base, which hangs over a large pool of very cold water and into which the whole reaction mixture (called the charge) can be dumped to prevent an explosion, a process referred to as drowning. If the temperature of the charge exceeds about 30 °C (actual value varying by country) or brown fumes are seen in the nitrators vent, then it is immediately drowned.

Due to the great dangers associated with its production, most nitroglycerin production facilities are in offshore rigs or very remote locations.

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Medical use

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In medicine, nitroglycerin (sometimes called Glyceryl trinitrate, presumably to avoid alarming people) is used as a heart medication (under the trade names Nitrospan® and Nitrostat®). It is used as a medicine for angina pectoris (ischaemic heart disease) in tablets, ointment, solution for intravenous use, transdermal patches (Transderm Nitro®, Nitro-Dur®), or sprays administered under the tongue (Nitrolingual Pump Spray®). A recent medical development will include a small amount of nitroglycerin in the tip of a new Durex condom to stimulate erection during intercourse. "The CSD500 condom contains a chemical in its teat, called glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), which is absorbed by the skin and causes blood vessels to dilate."

The principal action of nitroglycerin is vasodilation -- that is, widening of the blood vessels. The main effects of nitroglycerin in episodes of angina pectoris are

subsiding of chest pain
decrease of blood pressure
increase of heart rate.

These effects arise because nitroglycerin is converted to nitric oxide in the body (by a mechanism that is not completely understood), and nitric oxide is a natural vasodilator. Recently, it has also become popular in an off-label use at reduced (0.2%) concentration in ointment form as an effective treatment for anal fissure.

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Other uses

Nitroglycerin patches have also been found to be effective in the treatment of bites from the Brown Recluse Spider. The vasoconstricting properties of the venom cause the small arteries to spasm with resultant loss of blood supply to the bite area. This sets up a cycle of ulceration and tissue loss through ischemia and gangrene. Systemic medication alone is unable to penetrate the lesion because of the barrier zone produced by the spastic occlusion of the arteries.

A nitroglycerin patch can penetrate through the skin, into the interstitial fluid and into the capillaries, rapidly dilating the vessels. This is evidenced by the quick onset of a nitroglycerin headache as circulation into the occluded area is re-established from the edges inward. The pathologic process ceases and healing begins. When a nitro patch is administered early, as in the first 48 hours, no lesion ever develops.

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