Orders of magnitude (data)

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Orders of magnitude
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This is a list of orders of magnitude for data (or information), measured in bits. This article assumes a formal attitude towards terminology. That means two things:

1. A group of 8 bits in a computer is called an octet. A byte is the same for most practical purposes, but does not equal 8 bits on all computer architectures.
2. The decimal prefixes kilo, mega etc. are strictly powers of 10. The powers of 2 are the binary prefixes kibi, mebi etc.

Accordingly, 8192 bits of data are a kibioctet and 8000 bits are a kilooctet.

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Contents 1 1 bit 2 10 bits 3 10^2 bits – One hectobit 4 10^3 bits – One kilobit 5 10^4 bits 6 10^5 bits 7 10^6 bits – One megabit 8 10^7 bits 9 10^8 bits 10 10^9 bits – One gigabit 11 10^10 bits 12 10^11 bits 13 10^12 bits – One terabit 14 10^13 bits 15 10^14 bits 16 10^15 bits – One petabit 17 10^16 bits 18 10^17 bits 19 10^18 bits – One exabit 20 10^19 bits 21 10^20 bits 22 10^21 bits – One zettabit 23 10^22 bits 24 10^23 bits 25 10^24 bits – One yottabit

1 bit

• 1 bit – True or false
• 3 bits – The size of an octal digit.
• 4 bits – A semioctet or nibble. The size of a hexadecimal digit.
• 5 bits – Size of code points in the Baudot code, used in telex communication.
• 6 bits – Size of code points in the Braille code, a tactile writing system for the blind.
• 7 bits – Size of code points in the ASCII character set.
• 8 bits – An octet. Equivalent to a byte on many computer architectures.

10 bits

• 10 bits – One decabit
  • minimum length to store a single group of 3 decimal digits.
  • minimum byte length to store a single octet with error-correcting memory.
  • minimum frame length to transmit a single octet with asynchronous serial protocols.
• 12 bits – Wordlength of the legendary PDP-8 of Digital Equipment Corporation (built from 1965 -1990)
• 16 bits – In many programming languages, the size of an integer capable of holding 65,536 different values.
• 16 bits – The "word size" (instruction length) for the various "second generation" console systems, including: Super Nintendo, Sega Genesis
• 32 bits (4 octets) – Size of an integer capable of holding 4,294,967,296 different values.
• 32 bits – Size of an IEEE 754 single-precision floating point number.
• 32 bits – Size of addresses in IPv4, the current Internet protocol.
• 56 bits (7 octets) – Cipher strength of the DES encryption standard.
• 64 bits (8 octets) – Size of an integer capable of holding 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 different values.
• 64 bits – Size of an IEEE 754 double-precision floating point number.
• 80 bits (10 octets) – Size of an extended precision floating point number, for intermediate calculations that can be performed in floating point units of most processors of the x86 family.

10^{^2} bits – One hectobit

• 100 bits – One hectobit
• 128 bits (16 octets) – Size of addresses in IPv6, the coming Internet protocol.
  • Minimum cipher strength of the Rijndael and AES encryption standards, and of widely used MD5 or SHA-1 cryptographic message digests algorithms.
• 160 bits – Maximum key length of the standard Tiger (hash) and Tiger2 cryptographic message digest algorithms.
• 256 bits (32 octets) – Minimum key length for the recommended strong cryptographic message digests in 2004.
• 512 bits (64 octets) – Maximum key length for the standard strong cryptographic message digests in 2004.

10^{^3} bits – One kilobit

• 1,024 bits (2¹⁰ bits, 128 octets) – One kibibit.
• 1,288 bits – Approximate maximum capacity of a standard Magnetic stripe card.
• 4,096 bits (2¹² bits, 512 octets) – Typical sector size, and minimum space allocation unit on computer storage volumes, with most file systems.
• 4,704 bits (588 octets) – Uncompressed single-channel frame length in standard MPEG audio (75 frames per second and per channel), with medium quality 8-bit sampling at 44,100 Hz (or 16-bit sampling at 22,050 Hz).
• 8,000 bits (10³ octets) – One kilooctet.
• 8,192 bits (2¹³ bits, 1,024 octets) – One kibioctet.
• 9,408 bits (1,176 octets) – Uncompressed single-channel frame length in standard MPEG audio (75 frames per second and per channel), with standard 16-bit sampling at 44,100 Hz.

10^{^4} bits

10^{^5} bits

10^{^6} bits – One megabit

• 1,048,576 bits (2²⁰ bits) – One mebibit.
• 6,291,456 bits – Standard computer VGA screen capacity (1024 × 768 pixels in 256 colors, with standard 4:3 display size ratio).
• 7,680,000 bits – Typical notebook WGA screen capacity (1200 × 800 pixels in 256 colors, with wide 3:2 display size ratio).
• 7,962,624 bits – Typical computer screen capacity (up to 1152 × 864 pixels in 256 colors, with standard 4:3 display size ratio).
• 8,000,000 bits (10⁶ octets) – One megaoctet.
• 8,388,608 bits (2²³ bits, 2²⁰ octets) – One mebioctet.

10^{^7} bits

• 11,796,480 bits – Capacity of a 3.5" floppy disk, colloquially known as 1.44 megabyte but actually 1.44 × 1000 × 1024 bytes.
• 25 Mbits – Amount of data in a typical color slide.
• 25,964,951 bits – Size of the largest known Mersenne prime. All 25,964,951 bits are 1.
• 50–100 megabits – Amount of information in a typical phone book.

10^{^8} bits

• 150 Mbits – Amount of data in a large foldout map.
• 423,360,000 bits: A 5-minute-length audio recording, in CDDA quality

10^{^9} bits – One gigabit

• 1,073,741,824 bits (2³⁰ bits) – One gibibit.
• 8,000,000,000 bits (10⁹ octets) – One gigaoctet.
• 5.45Template:E bits (650 mebioctets) – Capacity of a regular compact disc.
• 5.89Template:E bits (702 mebioctets) – capacity of a large regular compact disc.
• 6.4Template:E bits – Capacity of the human genome, 3.2 billion base pairs (each pair counts 2 for 2 bits of data).
• 8,589,934,592 bits (2³³ bits, 2³⁰ octets) – One gibioctet.

10^{^10} bits

• 4.04Template:E bits (4.7 gibioctets) – capacity of a single-layer, single-sided DVD.

10^{^11} bits

• 1.46Template:E bits (17 gibioctets) – Capacity of a double-sided, dual-layered DVD.
• 2.15Template:E bits (25 gibioctets) – Capacity of a single-sided, single-layered 12 cm Blu-ray disc

10^{^12} bits – One terabit

• 10¹² bits (125 gigaoctets) – Approximate size of all Wikimedia projects.
• 1,099,511,627,776 bits (2⁴⁰ bits, more than 137 gigaoctets) – One tebibit.
• 1.6Template:E bits (200 gigaoctets) – Capacity of a hard disk that would be considered moderately large in 2004.
• (approximately) 4.12Template:E bits (515 gibioctets) – As of 2002, data of pi to the largest number of digits ever calculated (1.24 trillion).
• 8,000,000,000,000 bits (10¹² octets) – One teraoctet.
• 8,796,093,022,208 bits (2⁴³ bits, 2⁴⁰ octets) – One tebioctet.

10^{^13} bits

10^{^14} bits

• 1.5Template:E bits (18.75 teraoctets) – Amount of information in the Library of Congress, if it were all digitized.

10^{^15} bits – One petabit

• 1,000,000,000,000,000 bits (10¹⁵ bits, 125 teraoctets) – One petabit
• 1,125,899,906,842,624 bits (2⁵⁰ bits, less than 141 teraoctets) – One pebibit
• 2.4Template:E bits (300 teraoctets) – Size of the Internet Archive in 2004.
• 8,000,000,000,000,000 bits (10¹⁵ octets) – One petaoctet
• 9,007,199,254,740,992 bits (2⁵³ bits, 2⁵⁰ octets) – One pebioctet

10^{^16} bits

• 4.5Template:E bits (5.625 petaoctets) – Estimated hard drive space in Google's server farm in 2004.

10^{^17} bits

10^{^18} bits – One exabit

• 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits (10¹⁸ bits, 125 petaoctets) – One exabit
• 1,152,921,504,606,846,976 bits (2⁶⁰ bits, more than 144 petaoctets) – One exbibit
• 1.6Template:E bits (200 petaoctets) – Total amount of printed material in the world.
• 8,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits (10¹⁸ octets) – One exaoctet
• 9,223,372,036,854,775,808 bits (2⁶³ bits, 2⁶⁰ octets) – One exbioctet

10^{^19} bits

10^{^20} bits

10^{^21} bits – One zettabit

• 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits (10²¹ bits, 125 exaoctets) – One zettabit
• 1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424 bits (2⁷⁰ bits, less than 148 exaoctets) – One zebibit
• 8,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits (10²¹ octets) – One zettaoctet
• 9,444,732,965,739,290,427,392 bits (2⁷³ bits, 2⁷⁰ octets) – One zebioctet

10^{^22} bits

• 1.8Template:E bits (2.25 zettaoctets) – amount of information which can be stored in 1 gram of DNA

10^{^23} bits

10^{^24} bits – One yottabit

• 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits (10²⁴ bits, 125 zettaoctets) – One yottabit
• 1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176 bits (2⁸⁰ bits, more than 151 zettaoctets) – One yobibit
• 8,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits (10²⁴ octets) – One yottaoctet
• 9,671,406,556,917,033,397,649,408 bits (2⁸³ bits, 2⁸⁰ octets) – One yobioctetit:Ordini di grandezza (dati)

ja:数量の比較 (データ)