Pashto language
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{{language |name=Pashto |nativename=پښتو paʂto |familycolor=Indo-European |states=Pakistan, Afghanistan |region=Pakistan: western provinces;Afghanistan: south, east and a few provinces in the north |speakers=approx. 40-50 million [1] |rank=82 (Northern), 92 (Southern) [2] |fam2=Indo-Iranian |fam3=Iranian |fam4=Southeastern |nation=Afghanistan |iso1=ps|iso2=pus |lc1=pus|ld1=Pashto (generic)|ll1=none |lc2=pst|ld2=Central Pashto |lc3=pbu|ld3=Northern Pashto |lc4=pbt|ld4=Southern Pashto}}
Pashto (پښتو paʂto; also known as Afghan, Pathan, Pakhto, Pushto, Pashtoe, Pashtu, Pushtu,Pashto پشتو and Pukhto پختو ) is the language spoken by the Pashtun people who inhabit Afghanistan and the western provinces of Pakistan.
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History
The language is believed to have originated in the Kandahar/Helmand areas of Afghanistan. Dari often dominates over Afghan/Pashto in Afghanistan in everyday government use since the capital was moved to Kabul from Kandahar in the 18th century. Pashto is, along with Persian (Dari), one of the two official languages of Afghanistan. It is spoken by ca 35% of Afghanistan's population as a mother tongue, according to the CIA, but this figure requires corroboration from a census that has not taken place in Afghanistan in decades. Pashto speakers in Pakistan range from 16% to as much as 20% of the population (including Afghan refugees), but an accurate census remains elusive due to the tribal and migratory nature of Pashtuns and their habit of secluding women.
Classification
Pashto is classified within the Eastern Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages. Other notable related tongues include Ossetic, spoken in the Caucasus.
Geographic distribution
Pashto is spoken by about 12 million people in the south, east and a few northern provinces of Afghanistan and over 28 million in the Northwest Frontier Province, Federally Administered Tribal Areas, and Baluchistan.[3][[4] Smaller, modern "transplant" communities are also found in Sindh (Karachi, Hyderabad). Other smaller communities peopled by Pashtun invaders in the past centuries, exist in Northern India (Pathankot, Rampur) and northeastern Iran. It is spoken by a large part of Afghanistan population who are of the Pashtun tribe, as well as by ethnic Pashtuns who live on the other side of the disputed Durand Line in present-day Pakistan.
Official status
Pashto became one of the official languages of Afghanistan as late as 1936. The other is Persian, known as Dari in Afghanistan.
Dialects
The northern dialect is spoken by about 24,000,000 people, and the southern dialect by about 16,000,000. One of the main features of the dialects are the differences in the pronunciation of these four phonemes (all sounds in IPA):
- Southwest (Kandahar):
- 1. /ts/
- 2. /dz/
- 3. /Template:IPA/
- 4. /Template:IPA/
- Southeast (Quetta):
- 1. /ts/
- 2. /dz/
- 3. /Template:IPA/
- 4. /Template:IPA/
- Northwest (Ghilzai):
- 1. /s/
- 2. /z/
- 3. /ç/
- 4. /j/
- Northeast (Peshawar):
- 1. /s/
- 2. /z/
- 3. /x/
- 4. /g/
The dialect of Kandahar is the most conservative with regards to phonology which retains both the dental affricates and the retroflex fricatives which have not merged with other phonemes.
Sounds
Vowels
/i/, /e/, /Template:IPA/, /u/, /o/, /Template:IPA/
Diphthongs: /aj/
Consonants
Stops: /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /Template:IPA/, /Template:IPA/, /k/, /g/, /q/, /Template:IPA/
Affricates: /ts/, /dz/, /tTemplate:IPA/, /dTemplate:IPA/
Fricatives: /f/, /s/, /z/, /Template:IPA/, /Template:IPA/, /Template:IPA/, /Template:IPA/, /x/, /Template:IPA/, /h/
Approximants: /w/, /j/
Trills: /r/, /Template:IPA/
Nasals: /m/, /n/, /Template:IPA/
Lateral Approximants: /l/
Phonology
Historical sound changes
Grammar
Pashto is a S-O-V language. Adjectives come before nouns. Nouns and adjectives are inflected for gender (Masculine/Feminine), number (Singular/Plural) and case (Direct/Oblique). Direct case is used for subjects and direct objects in the present tense. Oblique case is used after most pre- and post-positions as well as in the past tense as the subject of transitive verbs. There is no definite article, but instead there is extensive use of the demonstratives this/that. The verb system is very intricate with the following: Simple Present, Subjunctive, Simple Past, Past Progressive, Present Perfect,and Past Perfect. In any of the past tenses (Simple Past, Past Progressive, Present Perfect and Past Perfect) Pashto is an ergative language, i.e. transitive verbs in any of the past tenses agree with the object of the sentence.
Vocabulary
Pashto, being an Indo-European language, shares many cognates with other related languages. Following the advent of Islam in Afghanistan, the Pashto language has received a significant influx of loan-words from Arabic, Persian and various Turkic languages.
Writing system
From the time of Islam's rise in Central Asia, Pashto has used a modified version of Perso-Arabic script. In recent years, however, because of the Internet, it has become increasingly popular to write Pashto in the Latin script. Pashto has several letters which do not appear in any other Perso-Arabic script which represent the retroflex versions of the consonants t,d,r,n. The letters are written like the standard Arabic ta', dal, ra', and nun with a "pandak" attached underneath which looks like a small circle. They also have the letters ge and xin (the initial sound of which is like the German ch found in the word "ich") which look like a ra' and sin respectively with a dot above and beneath. Pashto also has the extra letters that Persian has added to the Arabic alphabet. See http://www.khpalapashtu.com/sitee/pashtula/pasalph.htm to view the entire alphabet.
Examples
- Note - The following transliterations represent the Kabuli dialect.
Examples of intransitive sentence forms using the verb "to go" "tlil":
Command (you masculine-singular):
- Maktab ta dza! or Maktab ta laarr sha!
- School to go - Go to school!
Command (you masculine-plural):
- Maktab ta dzey! or Maktab ta laarr shey!
- School to go -Go to school!
Simple Present:
- zuh maktab ta dzum.
- I school to go - I go to school.
Subjunctive:
- zuh ghwaarum che maktab ta laarr shum.
- I want that to school go (Masculine-I-verb form) - I want to go to school.
Persent Perfect:
- zuh maktab ta tlilai yum.
- I school to gone (Masculine verb form) am - I have gone to school.
Simple Past:
- zuh maktab ta wolaarrum.
- I school to went - I went to school.
Past Perfect:
- zuh maktab ta tlilai wum.
- I school to gone (Masculine verb form) was - I had gone to school.
Past Progressive:
- zuh maktab ta tlilum.
- I school to was going - I was going to school or I used to go to school
Examples of transative sentence forms using the verb "to eat" "khwarril":
Command (You singular):
- Paneer wokhuurra!
- cheese eat - Eat the cheese!
- Paneer muhkhuurra!
- cheese no-eat - Don't eat the cheese!
Command (You plural):
- Paneer wokhuurrey!
- cheese eat - Eat the cheese!
- Paneer muhkhuurrey!
- cheese no-eat - Don't eat the cheese!
Simple Present:
- zuh paneer khuurrum.
- I cheese eat - I eat cheese.
Subjunctive:
- zuh ghwaarum che paneer wokhuurrum.
- I want that cheese eat (I-verb form) - I want to eat cheese.
Present Perfect: ما پنېر خوړلی دی
- maa paneer khwarrilai dai.
- me (I-oblique) cheese eaten (masculine-singular verb form) is - I have eaten cheese.
Simple Past:
- maa paneer wokhorro.
- me (I-oblique) cheese ate - I ate cheese
Past Perfect:
- maa paneer khwarrilai wo.
- me (I-oblique) cheese eaten (masculine-singular verb form) was - I had eaten cheese.
Past Progressive:
- maa paneer khwarruh.
- me (I oblique) cheese was eating (masculine-singular verb form) - I was eating cheese or I used to eat cheese.
See also
External links
bg:Пущунски език da:Pashto de:Paschtunische Sprache et:Puštu keel fa:پشتو fr:Pachto ko:파슈토어 hi:पश्तो id:Bahasa Pashtun ka:პუშტუ nl:Pasjtoe ja:パシュトー語 no:Pashto ps:پښتو pl:Język paszto pt:Língua pashtu ru:Пушту fi:Pašto sv:Pashto th:ภาษาพาชตู zh:普什图语