Pyramid
From Free net encyclopedia
- For other versions including architectural Pyramids, see Pyramid (disambiguation).
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Geometry
An n-sided pyramid is a polyhedron formed by connecting an n-sided polygonal base and a point, called the apex, by n triangular faces (n≥3).
Architecture
- See also List of ancient pyramids by country
Pyramids are among the largest man-made constructions.
Ancient monuments
The oldest pyramid is that of Hellinikon in Greece, dating from 2,720 BC. There are more than 16 pyramids spread all over Greece. (See Hellenic Pyramids.)
Pyramid-shaped structures were built by many ancient civilizations. The most famous are the Egyptian pyramids — huge pyramids built of brick or stone. Standard Archaeology claims that they were used as tombs for pharaohs, however their many surprising features have birthed many alternative theories, particularly since the great pyramids have never yielded a body. The Great Pyramid of Giza is the largest in Egypt and fattest in the world. It is one of the Seven Wonders of the World, and the only one of the seven to survive into modern times. The ancient Egyptians capped the peaks of their pyramids with gold and covered their faces with polished white limestone, though many of the stones used for the purpose have fallen or been removed for other structures over the millennia.
To the south of Egypt the Nubians also built pyramids. They built far more than the Egyptians, but they are much smaller. The Nubian pyramids were constructed at a much steeper angle than Egyptian ones and were not tombs, but monuments to dead kings. Pyramids were built in Nubia up until the AD 300s.
The Mesopotamians also built step pyramids, or ziggurats. In ancient times these were brightly painted. Since they were constructed of mud-brick, little remains of them. The biblical Tower of Babel is believed to be a Babylonian ziggurat.
A number of Mesoamerican cultures also built pyramid-shaped structures. Mesoamerican pyramids were also usually stepped, with temples on top, more similar to the Mesopotamian ziggurat than the Egyptian pyramid. The largest pyramid by volume is the Great Pyramid of Cholula, in the Mexican state of Puebla. There is an unusual pyramid with a circular plan at the site of Cuilcuilco, now inside Mexico City and mostly covered with lava from an ancient eruption of Xictli.
Pyramid in Mexico is considered as a sacrificial place (used to kill slaves, in worship of their powerful gods).
There are other pyramid-shaped ancient monuments found in parts of Georgia.
Image:Roma-Piramide cestia01.jpg There is a pyramid in ancient Rome. The 27-meter-high Pyramid of Cestius was built by the end of the first century BC and still exists today, close to the Porta San Paolo.
There are quite a few flat-top pyramids in China. The First Emperor of Qin (221 B.C.~), with the terracotta warriors in vicinity, was buried under a large pyramid outside modern day Xi'an. In the following centuries a dozen more Chinese royalties of Han Dynasty were also buried under flat top pyramidal earth works.
In October 2005, archaeologist Semir Osmanagić announced that a hill near the Bosnian town of Visoko conceals a 722 foot high pyramid,[1], a step pyramid with sides facing the four cardinal directions, and a flattened top. Excavations in 2006 are so far said to have produced a stone gateway, and gigantic stone cubes thought to be part of the face of the pyramid, which is known locally as the Sun Pyramid. It is one of three in the area, thought to be connected by tunnel; the other two having recently been located by satellite scan.
Modern pyramids
An example of a modern pyramid can be found in Paris, France, in front of the Louvre Museum. The Louvre Pyramid is a 20.6 meter (about 70 feet) glass structure which acts as an entrance to the museum. It was designed by the American architect I. M. Pei and completed in 1989.
The 32-story Pyramid Arena in Memphis, Tennessee (built in 1991) was the home court for the University of Memphis men's basketball program, and the National Basketball Association's Memphis Grizzlies until 2004.
The Walter Pyramid, home of the basketball and volleyball teams of the California State University, Long Beach, campus in California, United States, is an 18-story-tall blue pyramid.
The Luxor Hotel in Las Vegas, United States, is a 30-story pyramid.
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Hierarchical structure
The hierarchical structures of some organizations are sometimes described as pyramids. This often includes sports league systems Pyramid structure are commonly used in a reasonably large organization, they show different areas and how 'high up' they are in the organization.
Human pyramid
This is a stunt, performed by circus artists — sometimes even doing other tricks such as juggling while up there — or less perfectly by amateurs (often for the fun of failing and falling), whereby participants form a pyramid of layers of persons, each standing (or supporting in another way, e.g. kneeling) on two others one level lower, one half a position to the right and the other to the left.
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- The castellers of Catalonia (Spain) form human pyramids up to eight man heights high.
- During the Hindu festival Krishna Janmaashtami, young men form human pyramids to reach pots filled with curd and butter and suspended high above the ground as part of the Dahi-Handi ritual.
- Human pyramids are often formed to reach for the bun during the Chinese Bun Festival.
- It is also used in bonding, e.g. as part of a North American college fraternity hazing ritual, also in a variation called a spanking pyramid, also suitable as a collective punishment, in which the pledges, often divested, are paddled on the conveniently protruded posterior.
Arts and Media
- Game show
Pyramid is the name of a game show currently in syndication.
- Novel
Pyramids is a Discworld novel by Terry Pratchett.
- Album
Pyramid is a concept album by The Alan Parsons Project, released in 1978.
- American Rock-n-Roll Band
Pyramid formed 1997 in Winston-Salem, N.C. Released "The First American" in 2005.
The Pyramids played instrumental surf music out of Long Beach, CA in the early 60's
- Magazine
Pyramid is an online magazine publishing role-playing and other game articles, published by Steve Jackson Games.
- Card Game
Pyramids a single player card game.
- Fictional sport
Pyramid is a team sport played professionally and recreationally in the television drama Battlestar Galactica (2003).
Confidence game
A pyramid scheme is a phony business, similar to a chain letter, that involves the exchange of money primarily for enrolling other people into the scheme, promising a multiple return as long as the pyramid keeps growing — which it inevitably stops doing rather soon, so only the first participants are likely to make a profit.
See also
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