Rio de Janeiro

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This article is about the city called Rio de Janeiro. For the state with the same name, see Rio de Janeiro (state).

Image:Rio de Janeiro-Ipanema Beach.jpg

Rio de Janeiro (meaning River of January in Portuguese), pron. IPA [[[Template:IPA]]]) is the name of both a state and a city in south-eastern Brazil. Commonly known as just Rio (particularly in English and by its inhabitants), the city is famous for samba, its hotel-lined tourist beaches Copacabana, Ipanema, and Leblon, its black and cream decorative mosaic pavements. It is especially well known for the giant statue of Jesus, known as Christ the Redeemer ('Cristo Redentor') at the peak of the Corcovado mountain, and for its yearly Carnaval celebration. It also has the biggest forest inside an urban region, called Floresta da Tijuca, or 'Tijuca Forest'.

Rio de Janeiro is located at 22 degrees, 54 minutes south latitude, 43 degrees 14 minutes west longitude (Template:Coor dm). The population of the City of Rio de Janeiro is about 6,094,183[1] (2005 IBGE estimate), occupying an area of 1182.3 km² (456.5 mi²)[2]. The larger metropolitan area population is estimated at 11-12 million. It is Brazil's second-largest city after São Paulo and was the country's capital until 1960, when Brasília took its place. Residents of the city are known as Cariocas. The city's current mayor is Cesar Maia. The official song of Rio is "Cidade Maravilhosa."

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Contents

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History

Guanabara Bay, future site of the city, was reached by Portuguese explorers in an expedition led by Portuguese explorer Gaspar de Lemoson January 20th, 1502; hence Rio de Janeiro, "River of January". There is a legend that the mariners named the place thus because they thought the mouth of the bay was actually the mouth of a river, but no experienced sailor would make that mistake. At the time, river was the general word for any large body of water.

Unofficial European presence in the area began not long after. In 1519 when Ferdinand Magellan resupplied his ships in the bay, French smugglers were already using the bay as a post for smuggling brazilwood. When Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon arrived in 1555 with a fleet of two ships and 600 soldiers and colonists, he founded the first permanent European settlement in the area. The colony was referred to as "France Antarctique". The colonists consisted of mainly French Huguenots and Swiss Calvinists. Villegaignon left in 1557 after contentions with some the colonists.

The actual city wasn't founded until March 1 1565, by Portuguese knight Estácio de Sá, who called it São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro (St Sebastian of the January River), in honour of King Sebastian I of Portugal. For centuries, the settlement was commonly called São Sebastião - or even 'Saint Sebastian' - instead of the currently popular second half of its name. The city was founded as a base from which to invade the French settlement. They succeeded in 1567 and the French were expelled. Later, São Sebastião was frequently attacked by pirates and privateers, especially by then enemies of Portugal, such as the Netherlands and France.

The exact place of Rio's foundation is at the foot of Pão-de-Açúcar (Sugarloaf Mountain). Later, the whole city was moved within a palisade on top of a hill, imitating the medieval European defence strategy of fortified castles - the place has since then been called Morro do Castelo (Castle Hill). Thus, the city developed from the current centre (Centro, see below) southwards and then westwards; an urban movement which continues today.

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In the late 16th century the Portuguese crown began treating the village as a strategic location for the Atlantic transit of ships between Brazil, the African colonies and Europe. Fortresses were built and an alliance was formed with nearby native tribes to defend the settlement against invaders - Rio's neighbour, Niterói, for instance, was founded by a native chief for the purpose of supporting defence, the Tamoio indian Araribóia. Sugar cane was the first industry in the area. First native then African slaves were used for manual labor. Eventually to industry dwindled as higher quality sugar cane from northern Brazil became more available.

Until early in the 18th century the city was threatened or invaded by several - mostly French - pirates and buccaneers, such as Jean-François Duclerc and René Duguay-Trouin. After 1720, when the Portuguese found gold and diamonds in the neighbouring captaincy of Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro became a much more useful port for exporting wealth than Salvador, Bahia, which is much farther to the north. In 1763, the colonial administration in Portuguese America was moved to Rio.

The city remained mostly a colonial capital until 1808, when the Portuguese royal family and most of the Lisbon nobles, fleeing from Napoleon's invasion of Portugal, moved to Rio de Janeiro. The kingdom's capital was transferred to the city, which, thus, became the only European capital outside of Europe. As there was no physical space or urban structure to accommodate hundreds of noblemen who arrived suddenly, many inhabitants were simply evicted from their homes.

When Prince Pedro I proclaimed the independence of Brazil in 1822, he decided to keep Rio de Janeiro as the capital of his new empire, but, by then, the city region was losing importance - economic and political - to São Paulo.

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Until the early years of the 20th century the city was largely limited to the neighbourhood now known as the historic Centro business district (see below), on the mouth of Guanabara Bay. The city's centre of gravity began to shift south and west to the so-called Zona Sul (South Zone) in the early part of the 20th century, when the first tunnel was built under the mountains located between Botafogo and the neighbourhood now known as Copacabana. That beach's natural beauty, combined with the fame of the Copacabana Palace Hotel, the luxury hotel of the Americas in the 1930s, helped Rio to gain the reputation it still holds today as a beachy party town (though, this reputation has been somewhat tarnished in recent years by favela violence resulting from the narcotics trade).

Rio was maintained as Brazilian capital in 1889, when the military overthrew the monarchy and imposed a republic. However, plans for moving the nation's capital city to the territorial centre were considered off and on, until finally in 1955 president Juscelino Kubitschek was elected, promising to build a new capital. Though many thought that it was just campaign rhetoric, Kubitschek managed to have Brasília built, at great cost, by 1960. On April 21 that year the capital of Brazil was officially moved from Rio de Janeiro to Brasília.

Between 1960 and 1975 Rio was a city-state (such as Hamburg, or Bremen in Germany) under the name State of Guanabara (after the bay it borders). However, for administrative and political reasons, a presidential decree known as A Fusão (The Fusion) removed the city's federative status and merged it with the state of Rio de Janeiro in 1975. Even today, some Cariocas claim the return of municipal autonomy.

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City districts

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The city is commonly divided into the historic centre (Centro); the tourist-friendly South Zone, with world-famous beaches; the industrial North Zone; and the West Zone, with the newer Barra da Tijuca district.

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Centro

Centro (or Downtown in English) is the historic centre of the city. Sites of interest include the so-called 'Paço Imperial', buit during colonial times to serve as residence to the portuguese governors of Brazil; many historic churches, such as the Candelária; the modern-style cathedral, the Municipal Theatre and several museums. Centro remains the heart of the city's business community. The "Bondinho", a tram (trolley car), leaves from a city centre station, crosses a former Roman-style aqueduct - the 'Arcos da Lapa', built in 1750 and converted to a tram viaduct in 1896 - and rambles through the hilly streets of the Santa Teresa neighbourhood nearby.

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South Zone

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The South Zone of Rio de Janeiro is composed of several districts, amongst which are São Conrado, Leblon, Ipanema, Arpoador, Copacabana and Leme, which compose Rio's famous beach coastline. Other districts in the South Zone are Botafogo, Flamengo and Urca, which border Guanabara Bay and Lagoa, Gávea, Jardim Botânico and Laranjeiras.

The neighbourhood of Copacabana beach hosts one of the world's most spectacular New Year's Eve parties ("Reveillon"), as more than two million revellers crowd onto the sands to watch the firework display. As of 2001, the fireworks have been launched from boats, to improve the safety of the event.

To the north of Leme, and at the entrance to Guanabara bay, lies the district of Urca and the Sugarloaf Mountain ('Pão de Açúcar'), whose name describes the famous hump rising out of the sea. The summit can be reached via a two-stage cable car trip from Praia Vermelha, with the intermediate stop on Morro da Urca. It offers views second only to Corcovado mountain. One of the highest mountains in the city, however, at 842 metres, is the Pedra da Gávea (Topsail Rock), in São Conrado. Hang gliding is a popular activity on the nearby peak, called Pedra Bonita (Beautiful Rock) - after a short flight, gliders land on the Praia do Pepino beach in São Conrado.

Since 1961, the Tijuca Forest ("Floresta da Tijuca"), the largest urban forest in the world, has been a National Park. The Tijuca Forest is the largest city-rounded forest, but actually it is the world's second largest urban forest. The largest is the Floresta da Pedra Branca (White Rock Forest), which, coincidently, is located in the city of Rio de Janeiro too.

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North Zone

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The North Zone of Rio is home to the Maracanã stadium, still the world's highest capacity football (soccer) venue, able to hold nearly 200,000 people (the biggest stadium of any type is located in Prague, Czech Republic. However, it is not suitable for football). In modern times the capacity has been reduced to conform with modern safety regulations and the stadium has introduced seating for all fans. Currently undergoing renovation, it will eventually hold around 120,000 people. Maracanã will be the site for the Opening and Closing Ceremonies and football competition of the 2007 Pan-American Games.

Besides the Maracanã, the North Zone of Rio also holds other tourist and historical attractions, such as 'Manguinhos', the home of Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, a centenarian biomedical research institution, with its main building fashioned like a Moorish castle, and the beautiful 'Quinta da Boa Vista', the old imperial palace (Paço), which is now the National Museum.

The International Airport of Rio de Janeiro (Galeão–Antonio Carlos Jobim International Airport), the main campus of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro at the Fundão Island, and the Governador Island are also located in the Northern part of Rio.

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West Zone

The West Zone is the region furthest from the centre of Rio de Janeiro. It includes Barra da Tijuca, Jacarepaguá, Recreio dos Bandeirantes, Vargem Grande, Campo Grande, Santa Cruz and Bangu. Neighbouring districts within the West Zone reveal stark differences between social classes. The area has industrial zones, but some agricultural areas still remain in its wide area.

Westwards from the older zones is Barra da Tijuca, a flat expanse of formerly undeveloped coastal land, which is currently experiencing a wave of new construction. It remains an area of accelerated growth, attracting some of the richer sectors of the population as well as luxury companies. High rise flats and sprawling shopping centres give the area a far more Americanised feel than the crowded city centre. The urban planning of the area, made in the late 1960s, resembles that of United States' suburbs, though mixing zones of single-family houses with residential skyscrapers. The beaches of Barra da Tijuca are also popular with the city's residents. Barra da Tijuca is the home of Pan-American Village for the 2007 Pan American Games. Barra da Tijuca now has a tiny, but growing movement for separating Barra form the city of Rio and making Barra a new city.

Beyond the neighbourhoods of Barra da Tijuca and Jacarepaguá another district, which has exhibited good economic growth, is that of Campo Grande. Some sports competitions in the Pan-American Games of 2007 will be held in the Miécimo da Silva Sports Centre, nicknamed the 'Algodão' (Cotton) Gymnasium, and others in the Ítalo del Cima Stadium, in Campo Grande.

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Social conditions

Main article: Favela

Image:RiodeJaneiro-Favela.jpg

Rio is typical of the rest of Brazil in that there are enormous disparities between rich and poor. Though the city clearly ranks among the world's major metropolises, a significant proportion (15%) of the city's 6.5 million inhabitants lives amidst poverty. The worst of the poorer areas are the slums and shanty towns known as 'favelas'; often crowded onto the hillsides, where sturdy buildings are difficult to build, and accidents, mainly from heavy rainfall, are frequent. The favelas are troubled by widespread drug-related crime, gang warfare and other poverty-related social issues.

A unique aspect of Rio's favelas is their incredible proximity to the city's wealthiest districts. Upper-class neighbourhoods such as Ipanema and Copacabana are squeezed in between the beach and the hills, the latter of which are covered with poor neighbourhoods.

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Violence

Rio is one of the most violent cities on the planet. An average of 80 homicides occur per day and it is very common to see the police clashing with drug dealers in the favelas (slums). Shooting in the streets of the slums happens often, and sometimes innocent people are killed by stray bullets. The primary reason for the high violence is the Illegal drug trade and organized crime. The vast majority of victims of this violence are drug dealers battling with each other or the police, not tourist or normal residents. [3]

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Urban Violence

Like other big cities, Rio has a high rate of carjacking and homicide in the poorer areas and less well protected highways. Each day around 100 people are taken to hospitals in Rio due to urban violence. Certain areas are more violent than others, but in general, there is a high risk that one can be a victim of violence in Rio if you go into or near the slums, especially at night. Tourists are constantly warned not to carry expensive goods, or jewellery, but despite the warnings many, especially North Americans, fail to heed this advice and continue to be mugged [4].

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Drug Traffic Wars

Armed with heavy foreign weapons, purchased illegally in Brazil, organized criminal gangs control certain areas of Rio, specifically the favelas. Their objective is to protect and keep the Illegal drug trade working. For help, they recruit young boys in the poor communities to act as soldiers, heavily armed for combat with the police. This scenario was featured the City of God film. [5]

The most popular weapons used by criminal gangs in Rio are the AR-15, AK-47, M4 and similar others. These weapons reach Brazil via illegal routes such as Paraguay. Each week police find large amounts of bullets and ammunition [6] through combat operations. In March 2006 the Brazilian Army was sent into the favelas in an operation to locate heavy weapons that had been taken from an army barracks a few days earlier. [7].


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Culture

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Music

Image:Mergefrom.gif It has been suggested that Cidade Maravilhosa be merged into this article or section. ([[{{{2|: talk:Rio_de_Janeiro}}}|Discuss]])

Rio was eternalized in the song "Garota de Ipanema" composed by Tom Jobim and recognized worldwide and recorded by Astrud Gilberto, Frank Sinatra, and Ella Fitzgerald. This is also the main key song of the Bossa Nova, a musical genre that was born in Rio.

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Carnival

Image:Carnaval 2004.jpgThe carnival in Rio de Janeiro has many choices, including the famous 'Escolas de Samba' parades in the sambódromo exhibition centre and the popular 'blocos de carnaval', which parade in almost every corner of the city. The most famous ones are the following:

  • Cordão do Bola Preta: Parades in the centre of the city. It is one of the most traditional carnivals. In 2006, it gathered 200,000 people in one day.
  • Suvaco do Cristo: Band that parades in the Botanic Garden, directly below the Redeemer statue's arm. The name, in English, translates as 'Christ's armpit', and was chosen for that reason.
  • Carmelitas: Band that was supposedly created by nuns, but in fact it is just a theme chosen by the band. It parades in the hills of Santa Teresa, which have very nice views.
  • Simpatia é Quase Amor: One of the most popular parades in Ipanema. Translates as 'Friendliness is almost love'.
  • Banda de Ipanema: The most traditional in Ipanema. It attracts families as well as gays and drag queens.
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Funk

Funk carioca is a very popular music genre in Rio in last 20 years mainly between the low income population (but that in last years moved to mainstream). It's strongly derived from original Funk from James Brown. In Rio, funk music are made by simple people of communities, without artistic requirements: it's an expression of the way of life of these people. These music like the original funk beat is very requested for dance in parties and clubs where thousands of people if join in weekands to celebrate the funk carioca way of life.

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Cultural influence

Rio exerts a significant cultural influence in other the parts of the country, for their native musicians, artists, politicians, intellectuals and journalists. The cultural influence can be strongly observed on Rede Globo television leader in Brazil and great spreader of the Carioca-way of life. Not only this, Globo TV also takes the opinion of the Cariocas and their elite for all parts of the country through the biggest television network in extension of the world. "Brazil is born on the Globo, and Brazil loves the cariocas" said Chico Buarque an intellectual artist.

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Sports

Image:Maracana fromCorcovado.jpgRio de Janeiro will host the 2007 Pan American Games. More notable sports events in Rio includes the MotoGP Brazilian Grand Prix and the World Beach volleyball finals. Jacarepaguá was the place of Formula One Brazilian Grand Prix into 1978-1990. WCT/WQS Surf championships was disputed on the beaches from 1985-2001. The city is building a new stadium near the Maracanã, to hold 45,000 people. It will be named after Brazilian ex-FIFA president João Havelange. Rio de Janeiro was also a candidate for the 2012 Summer Olympics. Copacabana beach will be the site of the triathlon and beach volleyball with yachting competitions held in Guanabara Bay. Image:Maracana01.jpg

Sports are a very popular pastime in Rio de Janeiro. The most popular is futebol (football/soccer). Rio de Janeiro is home to four traditional Brazilian football clubs: Botafogo, Flamengo, Fluminense and Vasco.

Other popular sports are beach football, beach volleyball, surfing, hang gliding, motor racing, jiu-jitsu, recreational sailing, and sport rowing. The peculiarly Brazilian dance/sport/martial art Capoeira is also popular.

Rio de Janeiro is also a paradise for rock climbers, with hundreds of routes all over the town, ranging from easy boulders to highly technical big wall climbs, all inside the city. The most famous, Rio's granite mountain, the Sugar Loaf (Pão de Açúcar), is an example, with routes from the easy 3rd grade (American 5.4, French 3) to the extremely difficult 9th grade (5.13/8b), up to 280 metres.

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Hang gliding in Rio de Janeiro started in the mid '70s and quickly proved to be perfectly suited for this town, due to its geography; steep mountains encounter the Atlantic Ocean, which provide excellent take-off locations and great landing zones on the beach. Starting with amateur flights, this activity soon turned into a profitable industry of tandem hang gliding with some very experienced pilots at a cost for a ride around US$ 100.00. In the Summer, between December and March, it’s recommended to book in advance.

Fishing is a very popular activity in Brazil. In Rio de Janeiro, one can expect to catch a plethora of famous Brazillian copperfish, known as pez de cobre. Many markets sell peces de cobre and these fish are quite popular for traditional Brazillian meals.

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Airports

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The City of Rio de Janeiro has 5 aiports, 2 civillian and 3 military.

  • Galeão International Airport - used for all the international flights and some long-haul domestic flights;
  • Santos Dumont Regional Airport - The first, and formerly the International Airport. It is considered one of the best set airports in whole world, due to its location between Sugar Loaf, Corcovado, the Aterro do Flamengo and the Guanabara Bay. Today it is used by the São Paulo - Rio de Janeiro Air Shuttle Service and some flights inside the Rio de Janeiro state, especially between the city and the oil-producer cities in the north.
  • Aeroporto de Jacarepaguá - in the Barra da Tijuca district. It is currently used by the military but is planned to be used for the Rio de Janeiro - São Paulo Air Shuttle Service since it is just inside Barra, the city's fastest-growing district.
  • Campo dos Afonsos - military airport, where the Brazilian Air Force presents its aerobatic shows.
  • Santa Cruz Air Base - military airport.
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Famous cariocas

The 'Cariocas', as residents of Rio de Janeiro are popularly called in Brazil, have made extensive contributions to Brazil's history, culture, music, literature, education, science, technology etc. - particularly when Rio de Janeiro was the federal capital and a great hub of Brazilian growth and innovation in all these areas. Some important Cariocas, who were born in Rio, are:

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Important Colleges

  • Public Colleges
    • Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ) - State University of Rio de Janeiro
    • Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) - Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
    • Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UniRio) - Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro
    • Instituto Militar de Engenharia (IME) - Military Institute of Engineering
    • Instituto Nacional de Matemática Pura e Aplicada (IMPA) - National institute of Pure and Applied Mathematics
  • Private Colleges
    • Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio) - Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro
    • Instituto Metodista Bennett
    • Fundação Getúlio Vargas (FGV) - Getúlio Vargas Foundation
    • Instituto Brasileiro de Mercado de Capitais (IBMEC) - Brazilian Institute of Capital Markets
  • Public & Private Schools
    • D Pedro II
    • Sao Bento - Saint Benedict School
    • Santo Ignácio
    • Santo Agostinho - Saint Augustin School
    • Liceu Molière - Molière Liceaum
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Miscellaneous

In 1992 the city hosted the UNCED Earth Summit on Sustainable development.

Rio has also been used as a backdrop for many films, such as Notorious (1946), 007 Moonraker (1979), Blame It on Rio (1984), Bossa Nova (2000), and City of God (2002). The film The Brazilian Job, a sequel for The Italian Job (2004) is being filmed in the city.

In The Simpsons' episode Blame it on Lisa, the family visited Rio de Janeiro, only to encounter a myriad of ludicrously exaggerated problems. The episode angered several tourist officials and they threatened to sue the producers of the show.

Featured/recreated in the video game Driver 2, for the Playstation

The Harbour of Rio de Janeiro was declared one of the Seven Wonders of the Natural World by CNN.

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See also

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Sister cities

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External links

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Official

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Education

  • PUC-Rio - the Pontifical University of Rio de Janeiro
  • COPPE/UFRJ - the largest post-graduate and research centre of Engineering in Latin America (part of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro-UFRJ)
  • UERJ - University of Rio de Janeiro State
  • UNIRIO - Another federal university located in Rio de Janeiro
  • [8] - Escola Americana do Rio de Janeiro [American School of Rio de Janeiro]
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Photos

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Tourism

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