Runoff voting
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Runoff voting is a voting system used in single-seat elections. It is used widely around the world, including in elections for the President of France and Finland, and especially in a political party's primary elections, in which it selects candidates to present to the public.
When restricted to two rounds, it is sometimes called the two round system or the second ballot. When the number of rounds is unlimited, then it is sometimes known as an elimination ballot. An example for elimination ballot is the Olympic Games host city election, where one city is eliminated in each voting round until one city achieves a 50% majority.
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An example
Image:Tennessee map for voting example.svg
Imagine that the population of Tennessee, a state in the United States, is voting on the location of its capital. The population of Tennessee is concentrated around its four major cities, which are spread throughout the state. For this example, suppose that the entire electorate live in one of these four cities, and that they would like the capital to be established as close to their city as possible.
The candidates for the capital are:
- Memphis, the state's largest city, with 42% of the voters, but located far from the other cities
- Nashville, with 26% of the voters
- Knoxville, with 17% of the voters
- Chattanooga, with 15% of the voters
The preferences of the voters would be divided like this:
| 42% of voters (close to Memphis) | 26% of voters (close to Nashville) | 15% of voters (close to Chattanooga) | 17% of voters (close to Knoxville) |
|---|---|---|---|
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Assuming each voter voted for his preferred city (for a more sophisticated approach, see below), the first ballot results would be as follows:
- Memphis: 42%
- Nashville: 26%
- Knoxville: 17%
- Chattanooga: 15%
In a two round runoff, Knoxville and Chattanooga are eliminated, while Nashville and Memphis advance to the second ballot.
The voters from Knoxville and Chattanooga prefer Nashville to Memphis, so the results of the second ballot would be:
- Nashville: 58%
- Memphis: 42%
Nashville would then be declared the winner.
Note on strategy: A two round runoff encourages candidates to unite to make the top two cut. Since Chattanooga and Knoxville both prefer each other second, knowing their divided vote might eliminate them both, they might work together before the election and decide for only Chattanooga to run. That would cause the defeat of Nashville (third place) and Chattanooga could win the final runoff round against Memphis. Something similar would happen with a multi-round elimination ballot.
In an elimination ballot, Chattanooga would be eliminated after the first round, and the second round would be:
- Memphis: 42%
- Knoxville: 32%
- Nashville: 26%
Nashville would then be eliminated and the third round of the elimination ballot would be:
- Knoxville: 58%
- Memphis: 42%
So Knoxville would win.
Potential for tactical voting
The runoff system encourages voters to "compromise" by not voting for their favorite candidate in their first round. In the above two-round example, if all voters from Chattanooga "compromised" for Knoxville in the first round, Knoxville would advance to the second round, where it would defeat Memphis. This would be a better result for the Chattanooga voters than sincere voting would get them. The Memphis supporters voters could respond by voting for Nashville instead of Memphis as a way to prevent Knoxville or Chattanooga winning.
Runoff voting can also encourage voters to vote for "push-overs", in order to set up a more favorable second-round matchup.
Critics also point out that the "majority" that runoff voting produces is mostly manufactured, because it relies on eliminations instead of equally comparing all candidates against each other. If you randomly selected two people from the populace and voters vote for one of the two, you would also get a majority; that certainly does not mean they are the most preferred candidate. Also, runoff voting tends to eliminate moderates and leave the election between the polar candidates. A good election method, critics say, should be able to not only determine how much voter like a candidate, but also how much they dislike them.
Impact of scattered voting on two-round systems
A two-round runoff voting system, in practice, may work as a system of primary elections in countries where there are two major partisan blocks, by choosing for the second round of election a candidate in each block. While this is the usual outcome, different situations may arise in the presence of coalitions fielding multiple candidates, protest votes and third parties.
A striking example, which attracted considerable media attention, was that of the 2002 French presidential election. The two major contenders, respectively leading a left-wing and a right-wing coalition, were Lionel Jospin and Jacques Chirac. However, the left-wing coalition fielded three additional candidates representing minor parties in the coalition. Furthermore, part of the left-wing vote went to candidates from far-left parties, presumably to protest Jospin's policies, deemed too centrist. A third important candidate was Jean-Marie Le Pen, a controversial politician often described as racist and fascist-leaning. On the first round of elections:
- Jacques Chirac obtained 19.88% of the vote; added to other candidate in the same coalition François Bayrou's 6.84%, this makes 26.72%;
- Lionel Jospin obtained 16.18% of the vote; added to other candidates in the same coalition Robert Hue (3.37%), Noël Mamère (5.25%), Christiane Taubira (2.32%), this makes 27.12%.
While it is not established that voters for minor candidates of each coalition would have voted for the major candidate of the same coalition, these sums would tend to indicate that Jospin had a slight edge over Chirac. Le Pen, however, obtained 16.86% and thus went to the second round of election against Chirac. Since the vast majority of the electorate disapproves of Le Pen's policies, Chirac then won by an enormous majority (82.21%). In the last decades, normal second rounds in French presidential elections were settled around 50% for each side.
A similar situation occurred in the United States state of Louisiana in 1991 where white supremacist David Duke ran against Edwin Edwards, who was recently acquitted (and later convicted) of corruption. Duke finished second in the primary, ahead of the incumbent governor. This system is called the run-off primary election.
Impact on factions and candidates
Between each round of voting, discussion and dealing is possible; policy concessions and withdrawals can be negotiated. Accordingly, runoff votes in some form are advocated as part of most deliberative democracy proposals. Other electoral reform and grassroots democracy advocates prefer instant-runoff voting which let larger groups participate in the process by ballot - the French participation of the whole electorate in a runoff vote is a rare exception and permits some dealing between parties who have lost and those who seek their support.
The one-ballot "instant runoff" proposals are the opposite of such 'deliberative' processes, as there is no time nor place for explicit discussion and dealing as the power relationships become clear. Polls can take the place of early rounds of balloting but are nowhere near as statistically valid as a formal vote.
See also
- Voting system - many other ways of voting
- First Past the Post electoral system
- Instant-runoff voting
- primary election
- run-off primary election
- deliberative democracy