Sarawak
From Free net encyclopedia
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| State motto: United, Industrious, Dedicated (Malay: Bersatu, Berusaha, Berbakti )</font> | |||||
| Image:MalaysiaSarawak.png | |||||
| Capital | Kuching | ||||
| Governor | T.Y.T Tun Datuk Patinggi Abang Muhammad Salahuddin | ||||
| Chief Minister | Y.A.B. Datuk Patinggi Tan Sri Haji Abdul Taib Bin Mahmud / Pehin Sri Dr. Hj. Abdul Taib b. Mahmud | ||||
| Area | 124,450 km2 | ||||
| Population | 2,176,800 (Estimated) | ||||
| State anthem | Ibu Pertiwi Ku | ||||
Sarawak (Jawi:سراواك) is one of the two Malaysian states on the island of Borneo. Known as Bumi kenyalang ("Land of the Hornbills"), it is situated on the north-west of the island. It is the largest state in Malaysia; the second largest, Sabah, lies to the northeast.
The administrative capital is Kuching (pop. 458,300 in 2000) which literally means 'cat' (Kucing). Major cities and towns also include Sibu (pop. 200,000), Miri (pop. 202,000) and Bintulu (pop. 102,761). As of last census (July 5, 2000), the state population was 2,176,800. For more details about the population see Demographics of Malaysia, though it is interesting to note that Sarawak is by far the most multicultural of the states in the federation of Malaysia, with no ethnic majority.
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History
Template:Main Sarawak had been a loosely governed territory under the control of the Brunei Sultanate in the early 19th century. James Brooke (see figure below) became governor of Sarawak on September 24, 1841 and was appointed Rajah by the Sultan of Brunei on August 18, 1842; originally this territory was just the western end of later Sarawak, around Kuching. He ruled Sarawak until his death in 1868. His nephew Charles Anthoni Johnson Brooke became Rajah after his death; he was succeeded by his son Charles Vyner Brooke. The territory was greatly expanded under these three, mostly at the expense of areas nominally under the control of Brunei. In practice Brunei had only controlled strategic river and coastal forts in much of the lost territory, and so most of the gain was at the expense of Muslim warlords and of the lost de facto independence of local tribes.
Image:James Brooke.jpg The Brooke dynasty ruled Sarawak for a hundred years and became famous as the "White Rajahs", accorded a status within the British Empire similar to that of the Indian Princes. In contrast to many other areas of the empire however the Brooke family was intent on a policy of paternalism to protect the indigenous population against exploitation. They governed with the aid of the local Malay and Muslim classes and employed the Ibans and other 'Dayak' peoples as their army. They also encouraged the immigration of a Chinese merchant class but forbade the Chinese to settle outside of towns to minimise the impact on the Dayak way of life..
In the early part of 1941 preparations were afoot to introduce a new constitution, designed to limit the power of the Rajah and give the people of Sarawak a greater say in government. So far so good.
While the intention was clearly admirable, the draft constitution contained defects and improprieties that were wholly unacceptable, not least by reason of a secret agreement drawn up between the Rajah and his top government officials, by which he was to be financially compensated for this “democratic” gesture out of treasury funds.
This was not in the manner any previous Brooke ruler had behaved. Moreover, one of the provisions of the proposed constitution was that upon its coming into force the title of Rajah Muda would be restored to me and I would be proclaimed heir to the Raj.
However attractive this might have sounded, this provision ignored the fact that Bertam Brooke had been designated in effect joint ruler with him under Rajah Charles’ Political Will. Since Betram Brooke might well have outlived Charles Vyner Brooke this was not an offer to me that could rightly be made.
Although in England at the time Bertram Brooke had never renounced his rights. When the secret agreement leaked out, as it was bound to do, Anthony Brooke his son opposed the whole arrangement.
Japan invaded Sarawak in 1941 occupying Miri on December 16 and Kuching on December 24 and held it for the duration of World War II until the area was secured by Australian forces in 1945. The Rajah formally ceded sovereignty to the British Crown on July 1, 1946, under pressure from his wife among others. In addition the British Government offered a healthy pension to sweeten the negotiations.
His nephew Anthony continued to claim sovereignty as Rajah of Sarawak.
After the end of the Second World War, Anthony Brooke then opposed the cession of the Rajah´s territory to the British Crown, and was associated with anti-cessionist groups in Sarawak. Anthony was banished from the country. He was allowed to return only seventeen years later, when Sarawak became part of the Federation of Malaysia.
Sarawak became a British colony (it was formerly an independent state under British protection) in July 1946, but Brooke´s campaign continued. The Malays in particular resisted the cession to Britain, dramatically assassinating the first British governor. Sarawak was one of the main sites of the Indonesian Confrontation between 1962 and 1966. It became an autonomous state of the federation of Malaysia on September 16, 1963, despite initial opposition from parts of the population.
Geography
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Having land area of 124,450 km² spreading between latitude 0° 50′ and 5°N and longitude 109° 36′ and 115° 40′ E, it makes up 37.5% of the land of Malaysia.
Sarawak is currently divided into eleven Administrative Divisions: Kuching Division, Samarahan Division, Sri Aman Division, Betong Division, Sarikei Division, Sibu Division, Mukah Division, Kapit Division, Bintulu Division, Miri Division and Limbang Division.
Demographics
Image:Modern Iban Longhouse.JPG
Sarawak is home to 28 ethnic groups; each with their own distinct language, culture and lifestyle.
The Ibans form the major ethnic group on this land with about 30.1% of the total population per the year 2000 census. The Chinese, who generally live in the cities are the second largest group at 26.7%, followed by the Bidayuh, Melanau and other native tribes of Sarawak. The Malays constitute a large portion (23.0%) of the population as well, mainly concentrated along the coast.
Sarawakians practise a variety of religions, including Islam, Christianity, Chinese folk religion (a fusion of Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism and ancestor worship) and animism. Many converts to Christianity among the Dayak peoples also continue to practice traditional ceremonies, particularly with dual marriage rites and during the important harvest and ancestral festivals such as Gawai Dayak and Gawai Antu.
Economy
Sarawak is blessed with an abundance of natural resources. LNG and petroleum, have provided the mainstay of the state's economy for decades. Sarawak is also one of the world's largest exporter of tropical hardwood timber. However, the state government has imposed strict log-production quotas over the recent years to ensure sustainable forestry management. Sarawak still, however, produces approximately 9 to 10 million cubic metres of logs annually.
With such vast land expanse, Sarawak has large tracts of land suitable for commercial agricultural development. Approximately 32% or about 40,000 km² of the state's total land area have been identified as suitable agricultural land. Nevertheless, less than 9% of this is planted with productive permanent crops, while the balance is still under shifting cultivation for hill padi (rice) which is estimated at more than 16,000 km². The main commercial crops are oil palm, which has been increasing steadily over the years, sago, and pepper.
Since the 1980s, Sarawak has started to diversify and transform its economy into a more industrialized one. This endeavour has been seeing continuing success, with manufacturing and hi-tech industries now playing a significant role in shaping the economic expansion of the state.
The global economic environment is expected to remain robust and dynamic right up to the next decade, with both the industrial and developing countries anticipated to maintain sustainable output growth. Global trade is predicted to expand by about 8%. This continuing favourable external outlook should keep the high growth momentum of the nation's economy at a steady and stable level.
As the largest state in the Federation of Malaysia, Sarawak aims to be fully developed state along with the rest of the country by 2020. Sarawak has identified four sectors as key sources of growth:
- manufacturing
- commercial agriculture
- construction
- services sectors
The availability of vast competitively priced land and rich reserves of natural resources has made Sarawak an attractive choice for manufacturing operations among investors.
See also
Further reading
- L. W. W. Gudgeon (1913). British North Borneo. London, Adam and Charles Black.
- S. Runciman (1960). The White Rajahs: a history of Sarawak from 1841 to 1946. Cambridge University Press
- Chin, Ung Ho(1997) Chinese Politics in Sarawak: a Study of the Sarawak United People's Party (SUPP) (Kuala Lumpur, New York: Oxford University Press, 1997)(ISBN 983 56 0039 2)
External links
| States and Federal Territories of Malaysia | Image:Flag of Malaysia.svg | ||||
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