Timeline of United States diplomatic history
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The diplomatic history of the United States oscillated among three positions: isolation from diplomatic entanglements (but with economic connections to the world); alliances with European and other military partners; and unilateralism, or becoming entangled in the world but operating on its own decisions.
- for overview see Foreign relations of the United States
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Timeline of United States diplomatic history
- 1776- Declaration of Independence
- 1778- Treaty of Alliance (1778)- France and US agreed to come to each others aid in event of British attack from the present time and forever, abrogated in late 1799 after XYZ Affair.
- 1789- Jay-Gardoqui Treaty- Spain's exclusive right to navigate Mississippi River guaranteed for 30 years, Spain's European and West Indian ports open to American shipping, not ratified under Articles of Confederation.
- 1795- Jay Treaty- Promised British subjects would leave Great Lakes region within a year, did not deal with impressment nor Loyalists debts. Accepted by Senate.
- 1795- Treaty of Madrid (1795)- Establishes boundaries with the Spanish colonies of Florida and Louisiana and guarantees navigation rights on the Mississippi River.
- 1796 - Treaty of Tripoli - A peace treaty between the United States and the Barbary State of Tripoli. Notable for the confirmation by the U.S. that the American government was non-religious in origin and practice. Violated in 1801 by the Basha of Tripoli which led to the Tripolitanian War.
- 1797 - XYZ affair threat of war with France
- 1798-1800 - Quasi-War undeclared naval war with France
- 1800 Convention with France ends Quasi-War
- early 1800s- Barbary Wars- Algiers, Morocco, Tripoli, and Tunis require US to pay protection money, when Tripoli increased sum, Thomas Jefferson sent Stephen Decatur and United States Navy to Mediterranean Sea, where they forced abandonment of tribute. Other states demanded tribute until 1815 when Decatur again prevailed.
- 1803- Louisiana Purchase Treaty- The US offered to purchase New Orleans. Napoleon counteroffered for the purchase of the whole Louisiana Territory, which the US agreed to buy for the sum of $15,000,000
- 1807- Embargo
- 1807-12- Impressment of American sailors into the British Navy
- 1812- Declaration of War against Britain, beginning the War of 1812.
- 1814- Treaty of Ghent- ended War of 1812 providing status quo ante bellum, but as Napoleonic Wars ended, impressment also ended.
- 1819- Adams-Onis Treaty- Spain ceded Florida to US for $5,000,000 (after Florida was invaded by Andrew Jackson with unclear approval of President Monroe on the pretense of suppressing Seminole Indian raids), US agreed to assume claims against Spain, US gave up claims to Texas.
- 1823- Monroe Doctrine- British Foreign Minister Canning proposed US join England in stating that European powers not be permitted further American colonization. Monroe states on December 2 as independent American Policy.
- 1837- Caroline Affair- a band of Canadian rebels took refuge on Navy island on Canadian side Niagara River, US sympathizers supplied them with aid via steamboat Caroline. On December 29, Canadian forces crossed to US and set Caroline ablaze. May 29, 1838 US forces burned British steamer Sir Robert Peel while in US.
- 1838- Aroostook War- disagreement over Northern Boundary of Maine resulted in troops being called on both sides, Martin Van Buren arranged truce while a commission was established.
- 1842 - Webster-Ashburton Treaty-settled Maine New Brunswick border and rest of US Canadian border, settling Aroostook War and Caroline Affair.
- 1844- Oregon Question
- 1845- Annexation of Texas
- 1844- Treaty of Wang Hiya
- 1845- Polk Doctrine, Manifest Destiny
- 1845- Break with Mexico
- 1845- Slidell Mission
- 1846- Mexican-American War begins; Oregon Settlement begins
- 1848- Treaty of Guadelupe Hidalgo- settled Mexican-American War, Rio Grande as border of Texas, Territory of New Mexico rest of west ceded to US, California ceded, US paid Mexico $15,000,000 and assumed $3,250,000 liability against Mexico.
- 1850- Clayton-Bulwer Treaty- US and Britain agreed both nations were not to colonize or control any Central American republic, neither nation would seek exclusive control of Isthmian canal, if canal built protected by both nations for neutrality and security. Any canal built open to all nations on equal terms.
- 1853- Gadsden Purchase- Purchase of 30,000 square miles (78,700 km²) south of Gila River for $10,000,000 for purpose of Railroad line pass through Rockies.
- 1854- Kanagawa Treaty- Millard Fillmore sent Matthew Perry to Tokyo, he arrived in 1853 and delivered letter, returned next year with seven warships and treaty signed opening two Japanese ports and guaranteeing safety of shipwrecked US seamen.
- 1864- Maximilian Affair- in violation of Monroe Doctrine, French Emperor Napoleon III placed Austrian Archduke Maximilian on Mexican throne, US in Civil War and could not respond. Benito Juárez deposed Maximilian in 1867.
- 1867- Alaska Purchase- Secretary of State William Seward purchases Alaska from Russia for $7,200,000.
- 1868 - Treaty on Naturalization with North German Confederation marked first recognition by a European power of the right of its subjects to become naturalized US citizens.
- 1868- Burlingame Treaty- established formal friendly relations with China and placed them on Most Favored Nation status, Chinese immigration encouraged. Reversed in 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act.
- 1872- Alabama Claims- during United States Civil War, Confederate States of America raider CSS Alabama built in Britain, US claimed direct and collateral damage against Britain, awarded $15,500,000 by international tribunal.
- 1891- Baltimore Crisis- minor scuffle with Chile
- 1898- DeLome Letter- in private letter to friend, Spanish minister wrote disparagingly of President William McKinley, letter stolen from Post Office in Havana and released by Cuban revolutionists.
- 1898- Spanish-American War
- 1898- Treaty of Paris
- 1898-1901- Philippine Insurrection
- 1901- Hay-Pauncefote Treaty- US reached agreement with British Foreign Minister nullifying Clayton-Bulwer Treaty of 1850 in return for guarantee of open passage for any nation through canal.
- 1901- Cuba
- 1902- Drago Doctrine- Foreign Minister of Argentina announced policy that no European power could use force against American nation to collect debt, supplanted in 1904 by Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine.
- 1903- Big Stick Diplomacy- Theodore Roosevelt says speak softly and carry a big stick, applied to assistance of Province of Panama's independence movement from Colombia.
- 1903- Hay-Bunau Varilla Treaty - after Hay-Herran Treaty failed, same treaty passed with Panamanian representative, leased strip of land increased to 10 miles (16 km) wide.
- 1903- Hay-Herbert Treaty- resolved the Alaska Boundary Dispute between the United States and Canada; Canadians fely betrayed by Britain
- 1906- Algeciras Conference- Met in Spain at Algeciras with a representative of Theodore Roosevelt mediating the First Moroccan Crisis between France and Germany, essentially in French favor.
- 1911- Recisprocity treaty with Canada fails
- 1914- ABC Powers- Argentina, Brazil, Chile met in 1914 to avoid a US Mexican War over Veracruz incident.
- 1915- RMS Lusitania sunk off Irish coast by submarine under control of Captain Schweiger. The British passenger liner contained troops and munitions as well as passengers. 128 Americans were killed.
- 1916 troubles with Mexico
- 1917-18- World War I
- 1917- Lansing-Ishii Agreement- US recognized Japan had special interests in China, particularly in contiguous territory, US had objected to Japan assuming German Asian territories.
- 1918- Fourteen Points- statement of US War aims by Woodrow Wilson, served as basis for Treaty of Versailles.
- 1919- Versailles Treaty- signed by Wilson but not ratified by Senate
- 1919- League of Nations- part of Versailles Treaty; US did not join
- 1922- Washington Naval Conference held in Washington, D.C. concluding in the Four-Power Treaty, [Five-Power Treaty]], and Nine-Power Treaty
- 1928- Kellogg-Briand Pact- multilateral treaty outlawing War by moral force of 60 signatory nations.
- 1930- Smoot Hawley Tariff - raised US tariffs; retaliation by Canada and others.
- 1933- Montevideo Conference- Franklin Roosevelt declared US opposition to armed intervention in inter American affairs.
- 1933- Recognition of USSR
- 1941- Atlantic Charter- Conferences aboard warships in Placentia Bay off Argentia, Newfoundland between FDR and Churchill resulted in (1) no territorial gains sought by US or UK, (2) territorial adjustments must conform to people involved, (3) people have right to choose own govt. (4) trade barriers lowered, (5) there must be disarmament, (6) there must be freedom from want and fear (4 Freedoms of FDR), (7) there must be freedom of the seas, (8) there must be an association of nations.
- 1943- Cairo Conference- Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill and Chiang Kai-Shek met to make decisions about postwar Asia: Japan returns all territory, Korea independent.
- 1943- Casablanca Conference- Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill met to plan European strategy. Unconditional Surrender of axis demanded, USSR aided, invasion of Sicily and Italy's "soft underbelly" planned.
- 1944- United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference- in July in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire; International Monetary Fund and International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) created to aid nations devastated by World War II and stabilize the international monetary system.
- 1944- Dumbarton Oaks Conference- in August in Washington, DC mansion, United Nations was formulated, followed up by San Francisco Conference, Security Council veto powers established.
- 1947- Cold War- Referred to hostility between formerly allied nations after World War II, term coined by Herbert Bayard Swope in speech for Bernard Baruch at Columbia, South Carolina on April 16.
- 1947- General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade- Signed in Geneva by 23 nations including US, membership has since increased, for purpose of eliminating trade barriers of all kinds on industrial and agricultural goods.
- 1948- Berlin Blockade- imposed June 24 by Soviet Union blocking traffic into western sectors of Berlin, Operation Vittles airlifted aid into city, Blockade lifted May 12, 1949.
- 1949- The United States along with eleven other nations signes the North Atlantic Treaty, creating NATO, a military alliance with the purpose of countering the USSR and its allies.
- 1952- ANZUS Treaty- Treaty united Australia, US and New Zealand in defensive regional pact, resulted from Korean War.
- 1954- Baghdad Pact- Central Treaty Organization (or CENTO) initiated by John Foster Dulles, members were Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, and Turkey, aid from US.
- 1957- Eisenhower Doctrine- stated US would use armed force upon request of imminent or actual aggression, applied in Lebanon that year successfully.
- 1961- Alliance for Progress- Agreement extended economic assistance to Latin American nations in exchange for land and tax reform, more democratic govt., and greater stability.
- 1961- Bay of Pigs- April 17 trained Cuban refugees invaded Cuba and were defeated because of lack of U.S. air support
- 1961- Berlin Crisis- Soviets give East Germany control over East Berlin, in August the Berlin Wall is built to stem wave of refugees, John F. Kennedy says "Ich bin ein Berliner" to thousands of cheering West Berliners.
- 1962- Cuban Missile Crisis- John F. Kennedy on October 22 announced that there existed Soviet missiles in Cuba and demanded their removal while imposing an air sea blockade. Nikita Khrushchev sent two letters, one belligerent one conciliatory to Kennedy, Kennedy ignores belligerent letter and missiles withdrawn on condition that US won't invade Cuba, Kennedy demanded onsite inspection, this was not allowed.
- 1963- Partial Test Ban Treaty- US and USSR agreed not to conduct nuclear tests in space, in the atmosphere or underwater. Underground tests permitted, signed by 100 nations, not France or People's Republic of China.
- 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution gives President Lyndon B. Johnson Congressional approval to act in Vietnam; repealed 1970
- 1965 Intervention in Dominican Republic
- 1968 Tet Offensive in Vietnam causes crisis at home
- 1973 Paris Peace Treaty ends American war in Vietnam
- 1975 North Viernam invades and conquers South Vietnam; over 1 million refugees eventually come to US
- 1978- Camp David Accords (1978)- in August Anwar Sadat, Menachem Begin, and Jimmy Carter met to, determine land for peace exchange in Israel.
- to be continued
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References
- Lester H Brune, Chronological History of U.S. Foreign Relations (2003), 1400 pages
- Alexander Deconde, Richard Dean Burns, Fredrik Logevall, and Louise B. Ketz, eds. Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy 3 vol (2001), 2200 pages; 120 long articles by specialists.
- John E. Findling, ed. Dictionary of American Diplomatic History 2nd ed. 1989. 700pp; 1200 short articles.
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