Bristol Centaurus
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The Centaurus was the ultimate development of Bristol Engine Company's series of sleeve valve radial aircraft engines, a massive 18-cylinder two-row design that eventually delivered over 3,000 hp (2.2 MW).
Like most Bristol Engines designs, the Centaurus was based on the mechanicals of an earlier design, in this case the "classic" 5.75 in (146 mm) piston from their original 1918 Jupiter. The Jupiter piston was still in use in the contemporary 14-cylinder Hercules, which was being brought into production while the Centaurus was being designed. The capacity of the Centaurus was increased by placing the pistons in a longer-stroke cylinder, and moving to two rows of nine cylinders instead of two rows of seven. The resulting engine raised the displacement from the Hercules's 2364 cubic inches (38.7 L) to a massive 3270 cubic inches (53.6 L), making the Centaurus one of the largest piston aircraft engines built.
Scaling up smaller designs to the high-point of engine performance is not an easy task. While Bristol maintained that the Centaurus dated from 1938, production could not start until 1942 owing to the need to get the Hercules into production and improve the reliability of the entire engine line. Nor was there any real need for the larger engine at this early point in the war, when most military aircraft designs were intended to mount engines of 1,000 hp or a little more.
In fact, the Centaurus did not see any use until near the end of the war, first appearing on an upscaled version of the Vickers Wellington, the Warwick. Other wartime, or just-post-wartime, applications included the Bristol Brigand (and Buckmaster), Hawker Tempest and Fury, and the Blackburn Firebrand. The engine also saw post-war use in civilian airliners. It was used in the ill-fated Brabazon.
Other piston engines of similar or greater displacement were developed around the same time in the United States, such as the Pratt & Whitney Wasp Major and the Wright Duplex Cyclone, but neither could be considered as successful during the war. The Duplex Cyclone was infamous for bursting into flames on takeoff, and both designs required considerable development periods before becoming reliable enough for civilian use. The Centaurus, on the other hand, was considered to be very reliable right from 1942, once the initial bugs had been worked out. The American engines saw greater numerical use, however – a side effect of the sizes of the two aircraft industries in the post-war era.
Specifications (Centaurus VII, 1942)
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