Christian anarchism
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Template:Anarchism Christian anarchism (also known as Christian libertarianism) is the belief that the only source of authority to which Christians are ultimately answerable is God, embodied in the teachings of Jesus. Christian anarchists feel that earthly authority such as government or the Christian Church do not, and should not, have power over them.
Some Christian anarchists, such as Ammon Hennacy, are pacifists opposing the use of both proactive (offensive) and reactive (defensive) physical force. These individuals believe freedom will only be guided by the grace of God if they show compassion to others and turn the other cheek when confronted with violence. Other Christian anarchists, like Jacques Ellul, believe in self-defense when confronted with violence [1]. However most would traditionally agree that violence on behalf of what is essentially an abstraction like a country or a government would not be acceptable to them. Many arrive at Christian anarchism as they oppose governments using physical force.
Anarchist Biblical literalists also suggest there is complete compatibility between the Bible and anarchism. They claim that one of the reasons Jesus was so unpopular with the Sanhedrin is that he was viewed as an anarchist inspiring a rebellion and a threat to the status quo.
Adherents believe freedom is justified spiritually through the teachings of Jesus, some of whom are critical of the Church. They believe all individuals can directly communicate with God and will eventually unify in peace under Monotheism.
Many regard Leo Tolstoy's The Kingdom of God is Within You [2] (1894) to be a key text in Christian anarchism. Tolstoy called for a society based on compassion, nonviolent principles and freedom. Leo Tolstoy's work was one of the inspirations behind Mahatma Gandhi's use of nonviolent resistance during India's struggle for independence.
Some Christian pacifists oppose war and other statist aggression through tax resistance, while others submit to taxation. Adin Ballou wrote that if the act of resisting taxes requires physical force to withhold what a government tries to take, then it is important to submit to taxation. Ammon Hennacy, who like Ballou also believed in nonresistance, managed to resist taxes without using force.
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Fall of the Roman Empire
There are anarchic traces in much of the history of Christianity. For example, Edward Gibbon felt that Christianity contributed, perhaps passively, to the fall of the Roman Empire:
- "As the happiness of a future life is the great object of religion, we may hear without surprise or scandal that the introduction... of Christianity, had some influence on the decline and fall of the Roman Empire." [3]
He goes on to suggest that military expansionism gave way to devotion and piety, and religious conflict replaced military conquest.
A Washington State University paper states that the Roman Emperor codified, and accommodated to the radical teachings of Jesus:
- ...the foundational Christian texts are not only anti-Roman ... but consistently dismissive of human, worldly authority. If Christianity were going to work as a religion in a state ruled by a monarch that demanded worship and absolute authority, it would have to be changed. To this end, Constantine convened a group of Christian bishops at Nicaea in 325; there, the basic orthodoxy of Christianity was instantiated in what came to be called the Nicene creed [4], the basic statement of belief for orthodox Christianity. [5]
After his conversion, Christianity was legalised under Emperor Constantine's Edict of Milan in 313 and First Council of Nicaea in 325, bringing an end to Christian persecution. However, Constantine was converted to Arianism, which was not as antithetical to human authority as was what came to be called orthodoxy, since it held that Jesus was human. In 392, it became Rome's sole official religion when Emperor Theodosius passed legislation prohibiting all pagan worship in the Empire and declaring Christianity the state religion. Some Christian anarchists point out that this merger of Church and state marks the beginning of the Constantinian shift, in which Christianity gradually came to be identified with the will of the ruling elite and, in some cases, a religious justification for the exercise of power. Others, as well as many scholars of Late Antiquity, among them Peter Brown, have shown that from its earliest forays into the Latin World, Christianity had its greatest appeal to wives of the upper class citizenry.
Nonconformism
Nonconformism was a break-away movement from Anglicanism over the 16th and 17th centuries, with adherents known as dissenters against the Church and state. English Dissenters included the rebellious George Fox, founder of the Religious Society of Friends and one of the historic peace churches. The Religious Society of Friends, or Quakers, do not have churches, ministers or strict times for worship, but rather have a principle that wherever and whenever more than two Friends are gathered, a Meeting for worship can take place. Meetings would normally take the form of quiet times up to one hour long in which Friends "seek the presence of God."
The Doukhobors
The origin of the Doukhobors dates back to 16th and 17th century Russia. The Doukhobors ("Spirit Wrestlers") are a radical Christian sect that maintains a belief in pacifism and a communal lifestyle, while rejecting secular government. In 1899, the Doukhobors fled repression in Tsarist Russia and migrated to Canada, mostly in the provinces of Saskatchewan and British Columbia. The funds for the trip were paid for by the Quakers and Russian novelist Leo Tolstoy. Canada was suggested to Leo Tolstoy as a safe-haven for the Doukhobors by anarchist Peter Kropotkin who, while on a speaking tour across the country, observed the religious tolerance experienced by the Mennonites.
Catholic Worker Movement
The Catholic Worker Movement, founded by Dorothy Day and Peter Maurin on May 1, 1933, is a Christian movement dedicated to nonviolence and simple living. Over 130 Catholic Worker communities exist in the United States where "houses of hospitality" care for the homeless. The Joe Hill House of hospitality (which closed in 1968) in Salt Lake City, Utah featured an enormous twelve feet by fifteen foot mural of Jesus Christ and Joe Hill.
The Catholic Worker Movement has consistently protested against war and violence for over seven decades. Many of the leading figures in the movement have been both anarchists and pacifists. Catholic Worker Ammon Hennacy defined Christian anarchism as:
- "...being based upon the answer of Jesus to the Pharisees when Jesus said that he without sin should be the first to cast the stone, and upon the Sermon on the Mount which advises the return of good for evil and the turning of the other cheek. Therefore, when we take any part in government by voting for legislative, judicial, and executive officials, we make these men our arm by which we cast a stone and deny the Sermon on the Mount.
- The dictionary definition of a Christian is one who follows Christ; kind, kindly, Christ-like. Anarchism is voluntary cooperation for good, with the right of secession. A Christian anarchist is therefore one who turns the other cheek, overturns the tables of the moneychangers, and does not need a cop to tell him how to behave. A Christian anarchist does not depend upon bullets or ballots to achieve his ideal; he achieves that ideal daily by the One-Man Revolution with which he faces a decadent, confused, and dying world".
It is important to note that Maurin and Day were both baptized and confirmed in the Catholic Church and believed in the institution, thus showing it is possible to be a Christian anarchist and still choose to remain within the Church.
Spirituality
New Age describes a broad movement of the late 20th century and contemporary Western culture. It is characterised by an eclectic and individual approach to spiritual exploration, such as mixing Christian principles with meditation and yoga practices from the East. One could describe Spirituality as anarchic, as it's based on individual freedom and choice rather than keeping within rigid boundaries. The emphasis in Spirituality is on listening to within and personally connecting with the Divine, rather than following any set traditions, rituals or doctrines.
Anarchist Biblical views and principles
Many Christian anarchists hold a higher critical view of the Bible and therefore do not feel obliged to follow the complete text as law. They base their beliefs on what they think are the simple principles and historic messages of Jesus, rather than obediently following every passage in the Christian Bible. Leo Tolstoy and Ammon Hennacy subscribed to this philosophy. Thomas Jefferson, antifederalist, deist, and the third president of the United States, said that the actual teachings of Jesus of Nazareth are as easy to distinguish as diamonds in a dunghill. His textual extraction, "The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth", preserves Jesus' views against human intervention.
Anarchists advocating self-defense often cite Luke 22:36, where Jesus told his followers they should "sell their garment" to buy a sword if they didn't have one. Other anarchists point out that Jesus often spoke in riddles and parables, and that this verse is no different. These individuals believe that garment (or cloak) is a metaphor for self-protection, and sword for a righteous tongue preaching God's words, even if this meant martyrdom.
A few of the key historic messages many Christian anarchists practice are the principles of nonviolence, nonresistance and turning the other cheek, which are illustrated in many passages of the New Testament and Hebrew Bible (e.g. the sixth commandment, Exodus 20:13 and Deuteronomy 5:17, "You shall not murder"). Some Christian anarchists, such as Tolstoy and Hennacy, even extend this belief to include animals through vegetarianism or veganism.
Some regard groups like the Amish and Mennonites, who even though they may not see themselves as such, as anarchists by their complete dedication to pacifism and opposition to participate in coercion or violence sanctioned by the state. However many Mennonites vote, participate in political campaigns, even run for public office, accept protection by police and governmental institutions, or serve on juries which are ostensibly not characteristic of anarchists. Being pacifists though limits their participation in the state.
One challenge to the legitimacy of states and state control is found in Luke 4:5-8, during the Temptation of Christ, where the Bible quotes Satan as claiming dominion over all the nations of the earth and Jesus replies that not only will he not worship before Satan, but that God is the only authority to be "served". This passage does not directly refer to human rulers. However sometimes it may be necessary to disobey human rulers in order to obey God (Acts 4:19).
The most common challenge for the Biblical literalists is integrating the passage in Romans 13:1-7 where Paul defends obedience to "governing authorities." Christian anarchists who subscribe to Paul's teachings argue that this chapter is particularly worded to make it clear that organizations like the Roman Empire cannot qualify as governing authorities. If it could, then, according to Paul, "they [Christians] would have praise from the authorities" for doing good. Instead the early Christians were persecuted by the Roman Empire for doing good, and became martyrs. Further, the "governing authorities" that are legitimate in the passage were never given the authority to make laws, merely to enforce the natural laws against "doing harm to a neighbor" in verses 8-10. This interpretation makes all statute laws of states illegitimate.
Ernst Kaseman, in his "Commentary on Romans," has challenged the usual interpretations of Romans 13 in light of German Luthern Churches using this passage as justifacation to support the Holocaust.
Biblical passages cited by anarchists
- You shall not murder (Exodus 20:13).
- At the end of every seven years you shall grant a remission of debts (Deuteronomy 15:1).
- You shall not charge interest to your countrymen: interest on money, food, or anything that may be loaned at interest.You may charge interest to a foreigner, but to your countrymen you shall not charge interest, so that the LORD your God may bless you in all that you undertake in the land which you are about to enter to possess (Deuteronomy 23:18-19).
- 6 Is this not the fast which I choose,To loosen the bonds of wickedness, To undo the bands of the yoke, And to let the oppressed go free And break every yoke? 7 Is it not to divide your bread with the hungry And bring the homeless poor into the house; When you see the naked, to cover him; And not to hide yourself from your own flesh? (Isaiah 58:6-7).
- Put your sword back in its place, for all who draw the sword will die by the sword (Matthew 26:52).
- Do to others what you would have them do to you (Matthew 7:12).
- Love your neighbour as yourself (Mark 12:31).
- Love your enemies, do good to those who hate you (Luke 6:27).
- But I tell you, do not resist an evil person. If someone strikes you on the right cheek, turn to him the other also (Matthew 5:39).
- If someone wants to sue you and take your coat, let him have your shirt as well. (Matthew 5:40).
- Do not judge, less you be judged. (Matthew 7:1).
- Do not swear oaths at all (Matthew 5:34).
- Let he who has not sinned throw the first stone (John 8:7)
- We must obey God rather than men (Acts 5:29).
- Give to everyone who asks you, and if anyone takes what belongs to you, do not demand it back.(Luke 6:30).
- So they are no longer two, but one flesh. Therefore what God has joined, let man not separate.(Matthew 19:6)
- If you want to be perfect, go, sell your possessions and give to the poor, and you will have treasure in heaven. Then come, follow me. (Matthew 19:21)
- For all of you who were baptized into Christ have clothed yourselves with Christ. There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free man, there is neither male nor female; for you are all one in Christ Jesus (Galatians 3:27-28)
- For our struggle is not against flesh and blood, but against the rulers, against the authorities, against the powers of this dark world and against the spiritual forces of evil in the heavenly realms (Ephesians 6:12).
Anarchist Biblical interpretations
- All of the Book of Exodus, seen as a revolution inspired, lead, and achieved by God on behalf of the oppressed.
- To seek rule by man is to reject the rule of God (1 Samuel 8).
- Honest people are too busy making an honest living to accept political power, so only the corruptible will accept political power (The Parable of the Trees Judges 9:7-15).
- The devil controls man-made governments (Matthew 4:8-10).
- The gentiles have rulers over them, but it shall not be so among Christians (Mark 10:42-45). (Notice that the word for rulers here in the Greek version is archos. Therefore some say Christians are by simple deduction an-archos or in English anarchists).
Quotes
- All violence consists in some people forcing others, under threat of suffering or death, to do what they do not want to do - Leo Tolstoy.
- In all history there is no war which was not hatched by the governments, the governments alone, independent of the interests of the people, to whom war is always pernicious even when successful - Leo Tolstoy.
- Everyone thinks of changing the world, but no one thinks of changing himself - Leo Tolstoy.
- In the name of God, stop a moment, cease your work, look around you - Leo Tolstoy.
- Both the lies and the truth have been handed down by the church - Leo Tolstoy.
- An anarchist is anyone who doesn't need a cop to tell him what to do - Ammon Hennacy.
- Oh, judge, your damn laws: the good people don't need them and the bad people don't follow them, so what good are they? - Ammon Hennacy.
- Being a pacifist between wars is as easy as being a vegetarian between meals - Ammon Hennacy.
Prominent Christian anarchists
Adin Ballou
Adin Ballou (1803 - 1890) was founder of the Hopedale Community in what is now Hopedale, Massachusetts, and a prominent 19th century exponent of pacifism, socialism and abolitionism. Through his long career as a Unitarian minister, he tirelessly sought social reform through his radical Christian and socialist views. Tolstoy was heavily influenced by his writings.
Søren Kierkegaard
Søren Kierkegaard (1813 - 1855), a Danish philosopher and theologian who some consider to be the archetypal Christian anarchist for his theory that the claims culture and state make on an individual lie in opposition to the claim God makes on all people. Kierkegaard advocated perfect obedience to God even if that conflicted with the bourgeois customs, secular law and government. He has been compared to Max Stirner, the great individualist anarchist. Kierkegaard is regarded as the father of Christian existentialism.
Henry David Thoreau
Henry David Thoreau (1817 - 1862) was an American author, pacifist, nature lover, tax resister and individualist anarchist. He was an advocate of civil disobedience and a lifelong abolitionist, who dreamt of the world becoming a utopia. Though not commonly regarded as a Christian anarchist, his essay Civil Disobedience (available at wikisource) is accredited with inspiring some of Leo Tolstoy's ideas.
William B. Greene
William B. Greene (1819 - 1878), an American individualist anarchist, was the originator of a Christian Mutualism, which he considered a new dispensation, beyond God’s covenant with Abraham. His 1850 Mutual Banking begins with a discussion (drawn from the work of Pierre Leroux) of the Christian rite of communion as a model for a society based in equality, and ends with a prophetic invocation of the new Mutualist dispensation. His better-known scheme for mutual banking, and his criticisms of usury should be understood in this specifically religious context. Unlike his contemporaries among the nonresistants, Greene was not a pacifist, and served as a Union Army colonel in the American Civil War.
Leo Tolstoy
Leo Tolstoy (1828 - 1910) is notable for having written extensively on his anarchist principles, which he arrived at via his Christian faith. Notably his books The Kingdom of God is Within You [6], The Gospel in Brief and Christianity and Patriotism which criticised government and the Church in general. He called for a society based on compassion, nonviolent principles and freedom. Tolstoy was a pacifist and a vegetarian. His vision for an equitable society was an anarchist version of Georgism, to which he mentions specifically in his novel Resurrection.
Nikolai Berdyaev
Nikolai Berdyaev (1874 - 1948), the orthodox Christian philosopher has been called the philosopher of freedom and is known as a Christian existentialist. Known for writing "the Kingdom of God is based on anarchy" he believed that freedom ultimately comes from God, in direct opposition to anarchists such as Mikhail Bakunin, who saw God as the enslaver of humanity. Christian anarchists claim Man enslaves Man, not God.
Ammon Hennacy
Ammon Hennacy (1893 - 1970) is notable for writing extensively on his work with the Catholic Workers, the IWW and at the Joe Hill House of Hospitality. He was a practicing anarchist, draft dodger, vegetarian and tax resister. He also tried to reduce his tax liability by taking up a lifestyle of simple living and bartering. His autobiography The Book of Ammon describes his work in nonviolent, anarchist, social action, and provides insight into the lives of Christian anarchists in the United States of the 20th century. His other books are One Man Revolution in America and The Autobiography of a Catholic Anarchist. Ammon Hennacy is also noted for several famous quotations dealing with force, law, and state powers which continue to inspire nonviolent anarchist action today.
Dorothy Day
Dorothy Day (1897 - 1980) was a journalist turned social activist (she was an Industrial Workers of the World member) and devout member of the Roman Catholic Church. She became known for her social justice campaigns in defense of the poor, forsaken, hungry and homeless. Alongside Peter Maurin, she founded the Catholic Worker Movement in 1933, espousing nonviolence, and hospitality for the impoverished and downtrodden.
Jacques Ellul
Jacques Ellul (1912 - 1994) was a French thinker, sociologist, theologian and Christian anarchist. He wrote several books against the "technological society", and some about Christianity and politics, like Anarchy and Christianity (1991) explaining that anarchism and Christianity are socially following the same goal.
Thomas J. Hagerty
Thomas J. Hagerty was a Catholic priest from New Mexico, USA, and one of the founding members of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). Hagerty is credited with writing the IWW Preamble, assisting in the composition of the Industrial Union Manifesto and drawing up the first chart of industrial organization. He was ordained in 1892 but his formal association with the church ended when he was suspended by his archbishop for urging miners in Colorado to revolt during his tour of mining camps in 1903. Hagerty is not commonly regarded as a Christian anarchist in the Tolstoyan tradition but rather an anarcho-syndicalist. Christian anarchists like Dorothy Day and Ammon Hennacy have been members of the Industrial Workers of the World and found common cause with the axiom "an injury to one is an injury to all."
Other Christian anarchists
- Philip Berrigan was an internationally renowned peace activist and Roman Catholic priest. He and his brother Daniel Berrigan were on the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list for illegal nonviolent actions against war.
- Marshall Fritz is a well known contemporary Christian libertarian within the modern libertarian movement, though he is not in favor of using the term "anarchist" as a label for his ideas (which he believes stirs up visions of chaos, lawlessness, terrorism, and other negative things).
- John Dear is a Jesuit priest, writer and peace activist.
Criticism
Some Christians believe that the Bible teaches that it is right to submit to both state government, and church leaders, although God is ultimately a higher authority in cases where the rules contradict. Some Bible passages used in favour of obeying the state include:
- Dinim - Do not permit oppression or anarchy to rule. Set up a system of honest, effective courts, police and laws to uphold the last six laws. (Noahide Law)
- "Everyone must submit himself to the governing authorities, for there is no authority except that which God has established. The authorities that exist have been established by God. Consequently, he who rebels against the authority is rebelling against what God has instituted, and those who do so will bring judgment on themselves." -- Romans 13:1-2
- Submit yourselves for the Lord's sake to every authority instituted among men: whether to the king, as the supreme authority, or to governors, who are sent by him to punish those who do wrong and to commend those who do right. -- 1 Peter 2:13-14
Passages used to support church leaders having authority include:
- "Obey your leaders and submit to their authority. They keep watch over you as men who must give an account. Obey them so that their work will be a joy, not a burden, for that would be of no advantage to you." -- Hebrews 13:17
- ... if it is leadership, let him govern diligently... -- Romans 12:8
- "The elders who direct the affairs of the church well are worthy of double honor..." -- 1 Timothy 5:17
Passages such as Romans 13:1-7 and 1 Peter 2:13-17 show that it is appropriate to submit to human governments, and that these have roles in restraining evil. Christian anarchists counter this by stating that submission and obedience are not the same thing and that these passages reflect a call for Christians to submit to persecution at the hands of government while offering obedience only to God. They argue that when these passages are taken in context they highlight Christ's example of self-sacrifice and his loving submission to oppressors rather than returning evil for evil. A case for this is argued here: Deconstructing Romans 13: Verse 1-2
"And then I will declare to them, 'I never knew you; depart from Me, you who practice lawlessness.'" Matthew 7:23. Christian anarchists, like Christian fundamentalists, counter this passage as a defense of the state by saying there are many laws made by Man that do not necessarily reflect the "Word of God", such as "just wars". The Judeo-Christian Bible often differentiates between the laws of God and Man.
In defense of the state, mainline Christians often cite Jesus' response to the teachers of the law who wished to trap him in his words. When asked, "tell us plainly, is it right to pay taxes or not?" His response was "Give unto Caesar what is Caesar's and to God what is God's." Mark 12:13-17. Some Christian anarchists point out that fiat currency is produced by governments and therefore belongs to them. Many Christian anarchists attempt to use simple living, bartering, private currency or commodity money, such as gold or silver, instead.
Organisations
- Christian Peacemaker Teams
- Ecclesia
- Life and Labor Commune
- Peace churches
- Plowshares Movement
- Tolstoyan Moscow Society
See also
- Christian communism
- Christian vegetarianism
- Criticisms of the War on Terrorism
- Early Christianity
- Liberation theology
- Opposition to the Iraq War
Individuals
References
- Leo Tolstoy (1894). The Kingdom of God is Within You [7]. ISBN 0803294042
- Ammon Hennacy (1994). The Book of Ammon. Fortkamp/Rose Hill.
- Dave Andrews (1999). Christi-anarchy: Discovering a radical spirituality of compassion. Lion Publishing. ISBN 0745942342
External links
- Catholic Workers
- Christian anarchism blog
- Christian anarchism Yahoo! Group community
- Compassionate Spirit
- Ekklesia
- Jesus Radicals
- Kingdom Now! Radical Christian Community
- Liberals Like Christ
- Lovarchy - Anarchy with a heart
- The Apostles Creed
- The Ekklesia Project
- Jesus Is an Anarchist
- The Kingdom of God Is Within You by Leo Tolstoy - Free e-text English translation
- Vine & Fig Tree - The Christian Anarchist
- Directory of Catholic Worker Communities
- Calvinist Defense of Anarcho-capitalism - Argues that the Christian Bible supports anarcho-capitalism
- Tolstoy's Legacy for Mankind: A Manifesto for Nonviolence, Part 1
- Tolstoy's Legacy for Mankind: A Manifesto for Nonviolence, Part 2
- Kenneth Rexroth, Communalism: From Its Origins to the Twentieth Century
- The Occult Technology of Power
- "Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth" - University of Virginia Library
- The Jefferson Bible
- A Moment In Passing - A Christian Anarchist Site
- Out of Church- Beyond the walls, authority and ritual of contemporary Christianity
es:Anarcocristianismo fr:Anarchisme chrétien pl:Chrześcijański anarchizm pt:Anarquismo cristão ro:Anarhism creştin sv:Kristen anarkism