GiosuÃ¨ Carducci

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Giosuè Carducci (July 27, 1835 – near Lucca, February 16, 1907) was an Italian poet, one of Italy's greatest, and a teacher. He was very influential and was regarded as the unofficial national poet of modern Italy.

He was born in Val di Castello, a small town in the northwest corner of Tuscany near Pisa. His father, a doctor, was an advocate of the unification of Italy. Because of his politics, the family was forced to move several times during Giosuè's childhood, eventually settling for a few years in Florence.

From the time he was in college, he was fascinated with the restrained style of Greek and Roman antiquity, and his mature work reflects a restrained classical style. He translated Book 9 of Homer's Iliad into Italian.

He received his Ph.D. in 1856 from the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa and began teaching school. The following year, he published his first collection of poems, Rime. These were difficult years for Carducci; his father died, and his brother committed suicide.

In 1859, he married Elvira Menicucci, and they had four children. He briefly taught Greek at a high school in Pistoia, and then was appointed Italian professor at the university in Bologna. He was a popular lecturer and a fierce critic of literature and society. His political views were consistently opposed to Christianity generally and the secular power of the Catholic Church in particular.

“I know neither truth of God nor peace with the Vatican or any priests. They are the real and unaltering enemies of Italy.” he said in his later years.<ref>Carelle, A., Naturalismo Italiano, Draghi, Padova 1911, cited at http://www.infidels.org/library/historical/joseph_mccabe/dictionary.html</ref>

This anti-clerical revolutionary zeal is prominently showcased in his most famous poem, the deliberately blasphemous and provocative "Inno a Satana" (or "Hymn to Satan".) The poem was composed in 1863 as a dinner party toast, published in 1865, then republished in 1869 by Bologna’s radical newspaper, Il Popolo, as a provocation timed to coincide with the 20th Vatican Ecumenical Council, a time when revolutionary fervor directed against the papacy was running high as republicans pressed both politically and militarily for an end of the Vatican’s domination over the papal states.<ref>Carducci, Giosue, Selected Verse/ Giosue Carducci: edited with a translation, introduction and commentary by David H. Higgins, (Aris & Phillips; Warminster, England), 1994. See also: Bailey, John Cann, "Carducci - The Taylorian Lecture," (Clarendon Press, Oxford) 1926.</ref>

While "Inno a Satana" had quite a revolutionary impact, Carducci's finest poetry came in later years. His collections Rime Nuove (“New Rhymes”) and Odi Barbare (“Barbaric Odes”) contain his greatest works.

He was the first Italian to win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1906. He was also elected a Senator of Italy. <ref>Scalia, Samuel Eugene, Carducci, (S.F. Vanni, Inc., New York) 1937.</ref>Although his reputation rests primarily on his poetry, he also produced a large body of prose works. Indeed, his prose writings including literary criticism, biographies, speeches and essays filled some 20 volumes. <ref>Selections from Carducci; Prose and Poetry with introduction, notes and vocabulary by A.</ref>

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Notes

<references /> Marinoni, (William R. Jenkins Co.; New York) 1913. pp vii - ix

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Trivia

In Thomas Mann's novel, The Magic Mountain, the character of Herr Settembrini is described as a student of Carducci and describes him as a great poet and free thinker, even quoting from Carducci's "Hymn to Satan".

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