Leo

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For other uses, see Leo (disambiguation).

{{Infobox Constellation

| name = Leo
| abbreviation = Leo
| genitive = Leonis
| symbology = the Lion
| RA = 11
| dec= 15
| areatotal = 947
| arearank = 12th
| numberstars = 3
| starname = Regulus (α Leo)
| starmagnitude = 1.4
| meteorshowers =

Leonids

| bordering =

| latmax = 90
| latmin = 65
| month = April
| notes =
|}}

Leo (Latin for lion, symbol Image:LeoLion symbol.png, Unicode ♌) is a constellation of the zodiac. Leo lies between dim Cancer to the west and Virgo to the east.

1 Notable features
2 Notable deep sky objects
3 History
- 3.1 Etymology
- 3.2 Symbol
4 Mythology
- 4.1 Astrology
- 4.2 Alchemy
5 In popular culture
6 Stars
7 References
8 External links

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Notable features

This constellation contains many bright stars, such as Regulus (α Leonis), the lion's heart; Denebola (β Leonis); and γ¹ Leonis (Algieba). Many other fainter stars have been named as well, such as δ Leo (Zosma), θ Leo (Chort), κ Leo (Al Minliar al Asad ), λ Leo (Alterf), and (ο Leo (Subra).

Regulus, η Leonis, and γ Leonis, together with the fainter stars ζ Leo (Adhafera), μ Leo (Ras Elased Borealis), and ε Leo (Ras Elased Australis), make up the asterism known as the Sickle. These stars represent the head and the mane of the lion.

A former asterism representing the tuft of the lion's tail was made its own constellation by Ptolemy III in 240 B.C. It was given the name Coma Berenices.

The star Wolf 359, one of the nearest stars to Earth's solar system (7.7 light-years), is in Leo. Gliese 436, a faint star in Leo about 33 light years away from the Sun, is orbited by one of the smallest extrasolar planets ever found. [1]

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Notable deep sky objects

Leo contains many bright galaxies, of which the twins (Spiral Galaxy M65, Spiral Galaxy M66) and (Spiral Galaxy M95, Spiral Galaxy M96) are the most famous.

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History

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Etymology

Early Hindu astronomers knew it as Asleha and as Sinha, the Tamil Simham but later, influenced by Greece and Rome, as Leya or Leyaya, from the word Leo, as the Romans commonly called it.

Ovid wrote it as Herculeus Leo and Violentus Leo. Bacchi Sidus (Star of Bacchus) was another of its titles, the god always being identified with this animal, and its shape the one often adopted by him in his numerous transformations, while a lion's skin was his frequent dress. But Manilius had it Jovis et Junonis Sidus (Star of Jove and Juno), as being under the guardianship of these deities, perhaps appropriately considering its regal character, especially that of its lucida.

The Persians called it Ser or Shir; the Turks, Artan; the Syrians, Aryo; the Jews, Arye; and the Babylonians, Aru — all meaning a lion. In Euphratean astronomy it was additionally known as Gisbar-namru-sa-pan, variously translated, but by Bertin, as the Shining Disc which precedes Bel, "Bel" being our Ursa Major, or in some way intimately connected therewith.

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Symbol

Image:Leo constellation drawing.png The adoption of this animal's form for the zodiac sign has been attributed to the fact that when the Sun was among its stars in midsummer the lions of the desert left their accustomed haunts for the banks of the Nile, where they could find relief from the heat in the waters of the inundation. Pliny wrote that the Egyptians worshipped the stars of Leo because the rise of their great river was coincident with the Sun's entrance among them. For the same reason the Sphinx is said to have been sculpted with Leo's body and the head of the adjacent Virgo, although Egyptologists maintain that this head represented one of the early kings, or the god Harmachis.

Distinct reference is made to Leo in an inscription of the walls of the Ramesseum at Thebes, which, like the Nile temples generally, was adorned with the animal's bristles, while on the planisphere of Dendera its figure is shown standing on an outstretched serpent. The Egyptian stellar Lion, however, comprised only a part of ours, and in the earliest records some of its stars were shown as a knife, as they now are as a sickle. Kircher gave its title there as Πιμεντεκεων, Cubitus Nili.

The astrological symbol Image:LeoLion symbol.png has been supposed to portray the animal's mane, but it also might be the animal's tail. Gaius Julius Hyginus's writing published in 1488 and Albumasar's in 1489 showing this latter member of extraordinary length, twisting between the hind legs and over the back, Hygnus's manuscript properly locating the star Denebola in the end. But the International Dictionary says that this symbol is a corruption of the initial letter of Λεων (Leon). Félix Lajard's Cultes de Mithra mentions the hieroglyph of Leo as among the symbols of Mithraic worship, but how their Lion agreed, if at all, with ours is not known.

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Mythology

In Greek mythology, it was identified as the Nemean Lion (and may have been a source of the tale) which was killed by Heracles during one of his twelve labours, and subsequently put into the sky.

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Astrology

The Western astrological sign Leo of the tropical zodiac (July 23 – August 22) differs from the astronomical constellation and the Hindu astrological sign of the sidereal zodiac (August 10 – September 15).

In some cosmologies, Leo is associated with the classical element Fire, and thus called a Fire Sign (with Aries and Sagittarius). Leo is also one of the Fixed signs (along with Taurus, Scorpio, and Aquarius).

It is the domicile of the Sun. The Egyptian pharaoh Nechepso, and his priest Petosiris, taught that at the creation of the world the Sun rose here near Denebola, and hence Leo was Domicilium Solis, the emblem of fire and heat, and the "House of the Sun".

Each astrological sign is assigned a part of the body, viewed as the seat of its power. Leo rules the heart and spine.

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Alchemy

In the symbolism of alchemy, Leo denoted the absorption or assimilation of one substance by another.

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In popular culture

Image:05 constellations37 f.jpg

Leo was one of four constellations depicted in a United States Postal Service commemorative stamp issue of October 2005 entitled "Constellations".

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Stars

Stars with proper names:

Regulus or Cor Leonis or Qalb [Kabelaced, Al-Qalb al-Asad] or Rex (32/α Leo) 1.36
< rēgulus The prince
< cor leōnis The heart of the lion
< القلب الأسد Al-Qalb[u] al-Āsad The heart of the lion

(94/β Leo) 2.14 Denebola [Deneb Alased, Deneb Aleet]
< الذنب الأسد Al-Ðanab[u] al-Āsad The tail of the lion

(41/γ¹ Leo) 2.01 Algieba [Al Gieba, Algeiba]
< الجبهة al-jabha[h] The forehead
(or much less likely from Arabicized Latin juba The mane)

(68/δ Leo) 2.56 Zosma [Zozma, Zozca, Zosca, Zubra] or Duhr [Dhur]

(17/ε Leo) 2.97 Ras Elased [Ras Elased Australis] or Algenubi
< رأس الأسد الجنوبي Al-Rās al-Āsad al-Janūbii The southern one of the lion head

(36/ζ Leo) 3.43 Adhafera [Aldhafera, Aldhafara]
< الضفيرة Al-Ðafīrah The braid/curl (of the mane)

(70/θ Leo) 3.33 Chertan [Chort] or Coxa
< ? al-xarat The rib (two small ribs?)
< cōxa The hip
(78/ι Leo) 4.00 Tsze Tseang
< 次將 (Mandarin cìjiàŋ) The vice-general
(1/κ Leo) 4.47 Al Minliar al Asad

(4/λ Leo) 4.32 Alterf or Al Terf
< الطرف Al-Ţarf The eye, the glance (of the lion)

(24/μ Leo) 3.88 Rasalas [Ras Elased Borealis, Ras al Asad al Shamaliyy] or Alshemali
< رأس الأسد الشمالي Al-Rās al-Āsad al-Šamālii The northern one of the lion head

(14/ο Leo) — double 3.52, 3.7 Subra

Stars with Bayer designations:

41/γ² Leo 3.80; 30/η Leo 3.48; 27/ν Leo 5.26; 5/ξ Leo 4.99; 29/π Leo 4.68; 47/ρ Leo 3.84; 77/σ Leo 4.05; 84/τ Leo 4.95; 91/υ Leo 4.30; 63/χ Leo 4.62; 74/φ Leo 4.45; 16/ψ Leo 5.36; 2/ω Leo 5.40

Stars with Flamsteed designations:

3 Leo 5.72; 7 Leo 6.32; 8 Leo 5.73; 9 Leo 6.61; 10 Leo 5.00; 11 Leo 6.63; 13 Leo 6.26; 18 Leo 5.67; 19 Leo 6.44; 20 Leo 6.10; 23 Leo 6.45; 34 Leo 6.43; 35 Leo 5.95; 37 Leo 5.42; 39 Leo 5.81; 40 Leo 4.78; 42 Leo 6.16; 43 Leo 6.06; 44 Leo 5.61; 45 Leo 6.01; 46 Leo 5.43; 48 Leo 5.07; 49 Leo 5.67; 54 Leo – double 4.30, 6.30; 55 Leo 5.91; 56 Leo 5.91; 64 Leo 6.48; 67 Leo 5.70; 71 Leo 7.31; 72 Leo 4.56; 75 Leo 5.18; 76 Leo 5.90; 79 Leo 5.39; 80 Leo 6.35; 81 Leo 5.58; 83 Leo – double 6.49, 7.57; comp. B has a planet; 85 Leo 5.74; 86 Leo 5.54; 88 Leo 6.27; 89 Leo 5.76; 90 Leo 5.95; 92 Leo 5.26; 93 Leo 4.50

Other notable stars:

Wolf 359 13.45 — flare star; 3rd closest star
GJ 436 10.68 — nearby; has a planet
HD 88133 8.06 — has a planet

Template:ConstellationsListedByPtolemy Template:ConstellationsChangedByBayer Template:ConstellationList

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References

Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning, by Richard Allen Hinckley, Dover. ISBN 0486210790
Dictionary of Symbols, by Carl G. Liungman, W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0393312364

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