Ten thousand years
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| "Ten thousand years" | |
|---|---|
| In Chinese | |
| Traditional Chinese: | 萬歲 |
| Simplified Chinese: | 万岁 |
| Romanization: | wànsuì |
| In Korean | |
| Hangul: | 만세 |
| Hanja: | 萬世 |
| Romanization: | manse |
| In Japanese | |
| Kanji: | 万歳 |
| Kana: | ばんざい |
| Romanization: | banzai |
| In Vietnamese | |
| Quốc ngữ: | vạn tuế, muôn năm |
| Hán nôm: | 萬年 (vạn tuế) |
| chữ nôm: | Image:Muon Nam (Vietnamese Chu Nom).png (muôn năm) |
- Banzai redirects here. For other users see Banzai (disambiguation).
The phrase "ten thousand years", or "wànsuì" , was used to bless the emperors in East Asia in the ancient time. The phrase was originated in ancient China, where it was customary to pay respects to the Emperor by repeating the phase for multiple times, like " Wú huáng wànsuì, wànsuì, wànwànsuì" (吾皇萬歲，萬歲，萬萬歲 , literally "May my Emperor [live and reign for] ten thousands years, ten thousand years, ten thousand of ten thousands years"). It is usually translated into English as "Long live!" although it has historical connotations that are not present in the English phrase. "Ten thousand" in Chinese numerals has a connotation of infinity, innumerability, similar to the Greek myriad .
Image:Forbidden City Gate of Heaven 1.jpg Although it was once used casually like "Cheers to your health", it came to be used to exclusively address the emperor during the Tang Dynasty. It became a prayer for the emperor's long life and reign. In later Imperial history, using it to address someone other than the emperor was considered an act of rebellion and consequently highly dangerous. In modern times the term is posted on the gates of the Forbidden City , i.e. the Tiananmen, in which there are large signs which read "Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó wànsuì"(中華人民共和國萬歲, literally "Long live the People's Republic of China") and "Shìjiè rénmín dàtuánjié wànsuì "(世界人民大團結萬歲 ,literally "Long live the Great Unity of the world's people"). During the Cultural Revolution, the saying "Máo Zhǔxí wànsuì!" (毛主席萬歲, literally "Long live Chairman Mao!") was commonly used to toast Mao Zedong . With these exceptions the term has largely fallen into disuse in Chinese societies.
During the Ming Dynasty, especially during the reign of weak emperors (such as the Tianqi emperor), powerful eunuchs such as Liu Jin and Wei Zhongxian took the title "jiǔ qiān suì" (九千歲, literally "9000 years"), to display their high position, which was close to the emperor. In fact, their powers often exceeded those of the emperor, and it was these eunuchs who ran state affairs.
It was introduced to Japan, but was pronounced banzei at that time. Its early instances can be found in the 8th century. It expressed respect for the emperor in Japan as well.
Banzei was revived as banzai after the Meiji Restoration. Banzai as a formal ritual was established in the promulgation of the Meiji Constitution in 1889 when university students shouted banzai in front of the emperor's carriage.
During WWII, banzai became the warcry of sorts for Japanese soldiers, with kamikaze pilots reportedly shouting banzai as they rammed their planes into enemy ships.
At the same time, banzai also came to be used unrelated to the emperor. The supporters of freedom and people's rights movements began to shout "Jiyū banzai" (自由万歳, literally "Long Live Freedom") in 1883. Today banzai has become a word of congratulation.
The same term is pronounced manse in Korean. It was a part of the era name of Taebong, one of the Later Three Kingdoms, declared by the king Gung Ye in 911. In the 20th century, various protests against Japanese occupation used the term in their names, including a pro-independence newspaper established in 1906, the March 1st Movement of 1919, and the June 10th Movement of 1926.
Quotation
- "To chant 'Long live!' is to contradict natural laws. Everyone has to die sooner or later, whether they be killed by germs, crushed by a collapsing house, or blown to smithereens by an atom bomb. Anyway, one way or another everyone ends up dead. After people die they shouldn't be allowed to occupy any more space. They should be cremated. I'll take the lead. We should all be burnt after we die, turned into ashes and used for fertilizer." —Mao Zedong, in comments made when signing "A Proposal that all Central Leaders be Cremated after Death" in November 1956. Ironically, he was preserved and put on display when he died.de:Banzai