History of rail transport

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Rail transport
Image:Three rail tracks 350.jpg
Operations
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Trains
Locomotives
Rolling stock
History
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See main article Rail transport

The history of rail transport dates back nearly 500 years, and includes systems with man or horse power and rails of wood or stone. Modern rail transport systems first appeared in England in the 1820s. These systems, which made use of the steam locomotive, were the first practical form of mechanized land transport, and they remained the primary form of mechanized land transport for the next 100 years.

1 Origins
2 See also
3 Further reading
4 External links

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Origins

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Early railways

Wagonways were developed in Germany in the 1550s and the use of these tracks, consisting of wooden (usually edged) rails for horse-drawn wagons, spread across Europe. At first confined to mines, they were in use in Britain for surface transport by the early 1600s. Railways are recorded from Strelley to Wollaton near Nottingham, at Broseley in Shropshire by the middle of that decade. Huntingdon Beaumont (who was concerned with mining at Strelley also laid down broad wooden rails near Newcastle upon Tyne, on which a single horse could haul fifty or sixty bushels of coal. Such railways existed in a number of areas, but the gratest numbers were in the coalfield near Newcastle upon Tyne, where they were known as wagonways. Their function in most cases was to facilitate the transport of coal from the pits to a staith on the river bank, whence coal could be taken by water. Because rails were smoother than roads, a greater quantity could be carried, and without damage to highways. The new device spread rapidly through the whole Tyneside coal-field. Image:HorseRailway.jpg

In the late 1760s, the Coalbrookdale Company began to fix plates of cast iron to the wooden rails. These (and earlier railways) had flanged wheels as on modern railways, but another system was introduced, in which unflanged wheels ran on L-shaped metal plates - these became known as plateways. John Curr, a Sheffield colliery manager, invented this flanged rail, though the exact date of this is disputed. William Jessop, a civil engineer, used this (or something similar) on a scheme at Loughborough, Leicestershire in 1789. On July 26, 1803, Jessop opened the Surrey Iron Railway in south London - arguably, the world's first public railway, albeit a horse-drawn one. However, it was not until 1825 that the success of the Stockton and Darlington Railway proved that the railways could be made as useful to the general shipping public as to the colliery owner. At the outset this road was regarded as only a special sort of toll-road upon which any carrier might transport goods or passengers in his own vehicles, but experience showed that it was necessary for the railway company to transport the goods as well.

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Steam power introduced

James Watt, a Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer, was responsible for improvements to the steam engine that caused this device to see wider use and encouraged wider experimentation, though it was not used for locomotive power until Richard Trevithick developed the high pressure steam engine in the 1800s.

The first steam locomotive was built by Richard Trevithick, an English engineer, in 1804. His locomotive had no name, and was used at the Pennydarren ironworks in Wales. It was not financially successful, because it was too heavy for the track and kept breaking down. Despite his inventive talents, Richard Trevithick died in poverty, with his achievement being largely unrecognized.

In 1812 Oliver Evans, a United States engineer and inventor, published his vision of what steam railways could become, with cities and towns linked by a network of long distance railways plied by speedy locomotives, greatly reducing the time required for personal travel and for transport of goods. Evans specified that there should be separate sets of parallel tracks for trains going in different directions.

In 1813, George Stephenson persuaded the manager of the colliery where he worked to allow him to build a steam-powered machine. He built the Blucher, the first successful flanged-wheel adhesion locomotive. The flanges enabled the trains to run on top of the rails instead of in sunken tracks. This greatly simplified construction of switches and rails, and opened the way to the modern railroad.

The Stockton and Darlington Railway Company's first line was opened on September 27 1825. Stephenson himself drove Locomotion No 1, which drew large crowds of spectators.

The steam locomotive was invented in the early stages of the industrial revolution, and railroads became essential to the swift movement of goods and labour that was needed for industrialization. In the beginning, canals were in competition with the railroads, but the railroads quickly gained ground as steam and rail technology improved, and railroads were built in places where canals were not practical.

In the 1850s, many steam-powered railways had reached London, increasing congestion in that city. A Metropolitan Railway was built to connect several of these separate railway terminals, and thus became the first "Metro."

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Railroad growth in USA 1850-1890


RAILROAD MILEAGE BY REGION
	1850</FONT>	1860</FONT>	1870</FONT>	1880</FONT>	1890</FONT>
New England</FONT>	2,507</FONT>	3,660</FONT>	4,494</FONT>	5,982</FONT>	6,831</FONT>
Middle States</FONT>	3,202</FONT>	6,705</FONT>	10,964</FONT>	15,872</FONT>	21,536</FONT>
Southern States</FONT>	2,036</FONT>	8,838</FONT>	11,192</FONT>	14,778</FONT>	29,209</FONT>
Western States and Territories</FONT>	1,276</FONT>	11,400</FONT>	24,587</FONT>	52,589</FONT>	62,394</FONT>
Pacific States and Territories</FONT>		23</FONT>	1,677</FONT>	4,080</FONT>	9,804</FONT>
TOTAL USA</FONT>	9,021</FONT>	30,626</FONT>	52,914</FONT>	93,301</FONT>	129,774</FONT>
SOURCE: Chauncey M. Depew (ed.), One Hundred Years of American Commerce 1795-1895 p 111</FONT>

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Electric railways revolutionalize urban transport

Prior to the development of electric railways, most overland transport aside from the railways had consisted primarily of horse powered vehicles. Placing a horse car on rails had enabled a horse to move twice as many people, and so street railways were born. In January of 1888, Richmond, Virginia served as a proving grounds for electric railways as Frank Sprague built the first working electric streetcar system there. By the 1890s, electric power became practical and more widespread, allowing extensive underground railways. Large cities such as London, New York, and Paris built subway systems. When electric propulsion became practical, most street railways were electrified. These then became known as "streetcars," "trolleys," "trams" and "Strassenbahn."

In many countries, these electric street railways grew beyond the metropolitan areas to connect with other urban centers. In the USA, "Electric Interurban" railroad networks connected most urban areas in the states of Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania and New York. In Southern California, the Pacific Electric Railway connected most cities in Los Angeles and Orange Counties, and the Inland Empire. There were similar systems in Europe. One of the more notable rail systems connected every town and city in Belgium.

The remnants of these systems still exist, and in many places they have been modernized to become part of the urban "rapid transit" system in their respective areas.

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Diesel power

Diesel locomotives are electric locomotives with an on-board generator powered by a Diesel engine. The first Diesel locomotives were low-powered machines used in switching yards. Diesel and electric locomotives are cleaner, more efficient, and require less maintenance than steam locomotives. They also required less specialized skills in operation and maintenance and their introduction diminished the power of railway unions in the USA (one of the earliest countries to adopt Diesel power). By the 1950s, Diesel and electric power had replaced steam power on most of the world's railroads.

In the 20th century, highways and air travel replaced railroads for most long-distance passenger travel in the United States, but railroads remain important for hauling freight in the United States, and for passenger transport in many other countries.

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