Whuffie
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Whuffie is the ephemeral, reputation-based currency of Cory Doctorow's sci-fi novel, Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom. This future history book describes a post-scarcity economy: All the necessities (and most of the luxuries) of life are free for the taking. A person's current Whuffie is instantly viewable to anyone, as everybody has a brain-implant giving them an interface with the Net.
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Explanation
The usual economic incentives have disappeared from the book's world. Whuffie has replaced money, providing a motivation for people to do useful and creative things. A person's Whuffie is a general measurement of his or her overall reputation, and Whuffie is lost and gained according to a person's favorable or unfavorable actions. The question is, who determines which actions are favorable or unfavorable? In Down and Out, the answer is public opinion. Rudely pushing past someone on the sidewalk will definitely earn you negative points from them (and possibly bystanders who saw you), while composing a much-beloved symphony will earn you positive Whuffie from everyone who enjoyed it.
A gross Whuffie score looks the same to everyone viewing it, but a weighted Whuffie score is subjective. This meta-Whuffie takes into account right-handed Whuffie (the kind given by people who have received positive Whuffie from you) and left-handed Whuffie (given by people whom you dislike). Another variety is pity Whuffie, given to those who are down on their luck.
A primary difference between Whuffie and money is this: In a cash-based economic system, nobody can gain money without someone else parting with an equal amount of money. In Down and Out's system, a person with a score of 0 is just as capable of giving positive and negative Whuffie as someone with a score of 1000000. The person with the million-point score would be invited to a lot more parties and shows and other exclusive and elite events, while her bottomed-out counterpart would get dirty looks from people on the bus and would probably not be allowed into any reputable clubs or restaurants. But both of their opinions on somebody else would count for the same amount of gross Whuffie.
Some people have perceived flaws in Doctorow's conception of Whuffie. For example, it might tend to favor popular speech at the expense of public discourse, and it could be frequently uninformative: if a person has a high Whuffie score, is it for guitar playing or auto repair?
A defender of Whuffie might respond to the first argument by saying that the situation described is already the status quo under the money system, and that the concept of weighted Whuffie helps make better decisions on a person-by-person basis, and thus is more flexible than rating someone by their bank account. A possible response to the second argument is that other information besides a raw score would presumably be available on the Net, such as how a person attained each of the individual points that make up their rating.
Doctorow himself might be pre-emptively trying to boost his Whuffie. His novels are released under Creative Commons licenses.
Note that Doctorow is not the first to posit such a system. Howard L. Myers wrote of a similar system based on admiration in his story All Around the Universe, written between 1967 and 1971.
Etymology
Doctorow has indicated that the word 'Whuffie' is a made-up word he used in high school, and is not a vocalization of an abbreviation (in the style of 'Gazoo' – GSU, or Grad Students Union) or of Wi-Fi as is often believed [1].
Whuffie is mentioned in Doctorow's Eastern Standard Tribe, but appears to be in the general sense of building reputation.
Whuffie in the Web
Many community-oriented websites are built around Whuffie-like concepts of reputation management (Slashdot's karma system, for example, or eBay's feedback ratings). Currency systems similar to Whuffie include LETS and the Ripple monetary system.
The karma system in Delta Tao's ClanLord MMORPG (originally a Macintosh-only game c. 1999) is a similar system. Both good and bad karma are on record, but both decay with time. Both individual and group vendettas of "bad karma bombing" and organized and unorganized counter campaigns of "good karma bombing" occur. Since karma has relatively little effect on the game mechanics for most players, many players don't care much about it (or at least claim they do not) and both good and bad karma levels for most players stay fairly low.
Proto-Whuffie
The Waddington's board game Careers, released in the 1960s, prefigured this idea of non-monetary motivations. Players could move round the board pursuing various 'careers' and thereby accumulate a combination of 'currencies' they had decided on at the start. The three options were fame (yellow stars), love (red hearts) and, inevitably, money. A star or a heart was worth as much as a dollar.