Benham's top

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Benham's top, also called Benham's disk, is named after the English toymaker Charles Benham, who, in 1895, sold a top painted with the pattern shown.

When the disk is spun, arcs of pale color are visible at different places on the disk. These are called Fechner colors or pattern induced flicker colors (PIFCs). Not everyone sees the same colors.

The phenomenon is not entirely understood. One possible reason people see colors may be that the color receptors in the human eye respond at different rates to red, green, and blue. Or, more specifically, that the latencies of the centre and the surrounding mechanisms differ for the different types of color-specific ganglion cells.

The phenomenon originates from neural activity in the retina and spatial interactions in the primary visual cortex, which processes pattern recognition. (von Campenhausen & Schramme, 1995) Research indicates that that the blue-yellow opponent process accounts for all the different PIFCs. (Schramme, 1992)

Benham's top and other PIFCs are being researched for use as a diagnostic tool for diseases of the eye and the visual track. It has shown particular promise in detecting Optic neuritis. (Pilz & Marre, 1993)

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