Balikpapan
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Balikpapan is a city (population 309,234 1990) on the island of Borneo, in Indonesia. It is the second largest city in the province of East Kalimantan. It is located on an inlet of Makassar Strait, about 115 km from Samarinda, the capital of East Kalimantan province. Mostly surrounded by sea, Balikpapan is an important center of the petroleum, mining, and timber industries.
The city is sometimes called the "Main Gate" of East Kalimantan. It has one international airport, called Sepinggan, several harbors such as Semayang and Somber, and one port for the petroleum industry.
Surrounded by Balikpapan Bay, the city also has potential for business, such as trades and tourism. Dayak, Bugis, Javanese, and some foreigners live here.
Contents |
History of Balikpapan
Name Origin
There were 10 planks which had returned to Jenebora of 1,000 planks which were asked by Sultanate Kutai as material contribution in order to build "Old Kutai's New Palace construction". Those ten planks which had returned was called by Kutai people as "Balikpapan Tu". Nowadays, the areas along Balikpapan Bay, particularly in Jenebora is called Balikpapan.
In a legend, a princess who was exiled by her father (a king) in order to protect her from his enemies. The infant princess was then tied to some planks in lying position. For the planks were dragged along waves, then they were upside down. While the planks had been cast ashore, a fisherman found it and tried to turn it over. The fisherman found a little princess tied in some planks. The place where she was found is called Balikpapan.
The Birthday of Balikpapan was decided on being February 10, 1897. The birthday's date decree is result of Seminar on Balikpapan's History (Seminar Sejarah Kota Balikpapan) on December 1, 1984. February, 10 1897 is the day when the first oil drilling was done by Mathilda Corporation as a realization of corporation between J.H. Menten and Mr. Adams of Samuel Firms & Co.
Administration zone
Balikpapan geographically lies between 1.0-1.5 South longitude and 116.5-117.5 East latitude and its width is 503.3 km. Balikpapan is adjacent to:
- North : Regency of Kutai.
- South : Makassar strait.
- East : Makassar strait.
- West : Regency of Pasir.
Geography
In general, The Municipality of Balikpapan is hilly and only small parts which are flat, particularly along seashore and among the hilly areas.
The topography is wavy hills with 10 to 15 slopes and less than 100 metres of difference between the valley and top of hills. While the altitude of Balikpapan ranges from 0 to 80 m above sea level. 85% of Balikpapan's topography consists of hilly areas; there are only around 15% flat areas which lie along shoreline and among the hills. Balikpapan has 19 rivers.
Land structure in Balikpapan contains of yellow-reddish podsolic soil, alluvial and quartz sand. This kind of soil is prone to soil erosion, so that there are only suitable for plantation.
Meanwhile, the rest consists of relatively good alluvial soil and quartz for glass. The climate conditions of Balikpapan in 1990 :
- Average minimum air temperature : 24.4 °C
- Average maximum air temperature : 30.5 °C
- Average Air Moisture/Humidity : 85%
- Average Wind Speed : 1 km/h
- Average Air Pressure : 1010 hPa
- Average monthly rainfall in 1989 is 169.4 mm, with approximately 12.3 rainy days/month.
Geology
Slope is defined as a result of height difference between two positions with its plain distance (in percent). In Balikpapan, its area width is classified – according to the slope- as the following :
- 0 to 2 % = 70 km²
- 2 to 15 % = 57 km²
- 15 to 40 % = 124 km²
- > 40 % = 182 km²
Most of Balikpapan area has > 40% slope class. It is one of many problems which is faced to develop the city physically. It is closely related to slope stability and water surface debit structure.
This slope is result of Balikpapan’s hilly topography (85%), particularly in northern part.
Soil sediment distribution depth in Balikpapan can be classified into 3 classes :
- 300 to 600 mm, for ~50% of the city.
- 600 to 900 mm, for ~40% of the city.
- > 900 mm, for ~10% of the city.
Locations and Facilities in Balikpapan
Sepinggan International Airport Airport
Balikpapan's Sepinggan International Airport is the second busiest Indonesian airport after Soekarno-Hatta International Airport. Sepinggan is able to accept large aircraft, both from Indonesia and abroad.
Sepinggan international airport has also been a 5th pilgrimage embarkation since 1995/1996. Between 1996 and 1997, it served over 4,500 East Kalimantan pilgrims and from 1997 to 1998 it served pilgrims from East Kalimantan, South Kalimantan, Central Sulawesi and North Sulawesi.
Oil Refinery
Balikpapan oil refinery is located on the seashore of Teluk Balikpapan. Covers 2.5 km². It is the oldest refinery existing, and was established in 1922. It was destroyed in World War II by allied forces and re-built in 1950. This refinery consists of Balikpapan I and Balikpapan II:
Balikpapan I
- 2 raw oil refinery units, and those produce naphta, kerosene, gasoline, diesel, and residue.
- 1 high vacuum unit which produces paraffin oil distillate (POD), this POD is used for basic material of wax factory with 100 tonnes waxes per day. The wax itself has various grades which is exported or sold domestically & internationally.
Balikpapan II Opened on November 1, 1983. It has two refineries—hydro-skimming and hydro-cracking refineries. Balikpapan II produces petrol, LPG, Naphta, kerosene, and diesel.
Kariangau Industrial Zones
In order to face globalization, the government has declared 13 supreme areas in Eastern Indonesia as developed areas. Those areas are called Integrated Economic Development Zones (KAPET), which has been committed by Presidential Decree no. 89/1996 and Presidential Decree no. 09/1998.
There is only one integrated economic development zone in every province, and in East Kalimantan it is Sasamba. In order to attract investors, the government provides fiscal and non-fiscal dispensation so that economic activities can be continued. It is for developing Eastern Indonesia to be better and has got similar economic level with its Western counterparts. Since local autonomy which declared in 2000, province or other localities should develop their own sources as maximum as possible.
By its operational, Sasamba is expected to support economic growth either for the area and its surroundings which has agricultural and fishery potential as material sources. This activity should be supported by building an economic network as detailed in Sasamba planning.
Sasamba is managed by manager council (BP) which consists of Local and National government. As well as its main duty, BP Sasamba should supervise development activities at Sasamba. Kariangau industrial zone development is one of priority, because it is expected to be heart of Sasamba.
Kariangau Industrial Zone (KIZ/KIK) covers 50 km² which consists of delineated Kariangau industrial area and its development areas. KIZ/KIK itself is the beginning developed area of all. KIZ/KIK covers 15 km². The rest will is for future development.
Recently, KIZ/KIK development zone is relatively unused for economic matters. Mostly it consists of coarse grass, bushes and forest. While people who explore this area still applies swidden agriculture. Based on the physical condition, this area is potential for industry . However, it cannot be expanded northwards, for it is bounded by Sungai Wain protected forest.
In order to support KIZ/KIK development, it needs to establish three-way transport network:
- Eastward : through KM 13 land route which connects Balikpapan-Samarinda.
- Westward : through Teluk Waru port
- Northward : through Teluk Balikpapan port.
Those three gateway will support KIZ/KIK as industrial zone, especially for providing raw material from Sasamba and surroundings, and its distribution to other areas.
Industrial Activities
Industrial activities have important roles in KIZ/KIK and it is planned to cover large areas. The dominant activities are large-scale and medium-scale industries. This area is also divided according to product, such as food & beverage, rubber, wood processing, chemical, metal, charcoal and any others. Almost all its raw material come from local sources—particularly agriculture—and will be oriented to outside of East Kalimantan.
Warehousing
The available warehouse functions to temporary storage, both finished products and raw materials prior to be distributed to the destination. The warehouse area will locate near seaport, and even under the same roof. No large areas are needed.
Seaports
The Kariangau Industrial Zone will be facilitated with seaport for goods distribution, particularly productions. It is also provided with loading & unloading container, such as crane and container area. The seaport is to be prepared as export gateway, so that it is established export documentation office, customs and others.
Waste Processing Facilities
Kariangau Industrial Zone will also provide waste processing facilities, either in solid or liquid. It will process the industrial waste before end into the sea or river. For all industrial zones, it will be constructed integrated waste processing facilities so that it doesn't need to build their own, except for particular one. Liquid waste can be processed as catalyst for solid waste.
Malls
There are also several shopping centers which have been constructed by private companies, such as Plaza Balikpapan as well as Plaza Balikpapan Permai near future.
Somber Industrial Zones
It was decided that small-scaled industries scattered all around Balikpapan should be developed and improved. For environmental reasons, the Balikpapan government in 1994 planned to relocate small-scaled/household industries. In 1995, Somber Industrial Zone facilities were built, however in 1997 the development was delayed due to a low budget. In 2000, it was continued by providing production house or houses as many as 50 units.
The Somber Industrial Zones plan seeks to:
- Relocate small-scaled/household industries in Balikpapan in order to overcome any pollutions and its impact.
- To ease supervisory & guidance as well as develop business in small-scale.
- To increase businessmen & employees welfare with fair competition and open any opportunities for intensifying, extensification and diversification.
- To realize a multi-functional, well-formed and representative small-scaled/household industries area.
- 80 families capacity special for beancurd/tempe makers.
- Build other small-scaled industries along with beancurd/tempe industry such as :
- Workshop industry
- Charcoal brick industry
- Beancurd/tempe snack
- Fried soybean industry
- Nata de soya industry
- Cassava product industry
- Cookies/steamed cake industry
- Wooden toy industry
- Compos, biogas and waste processing industry others
Zone B Mangrove area
The mangrove-predominated zone has moderate eco-tourism activities and facilities. It functions as supporting zone for all Balikpapan’s eco-tourism. Mangrove position is based on the following considerations:
- Mangrove area is a buffer zone for land and sea life.
- Mangrove area can be established as model for tourists and local people in order to introduce mangroves’ preservation.
Therefore, the mangrove area is intended to particular tourists, mostly for whom that are concerned about the environment. It is also intended to decrease any interference which makes the ecosystem unstable.
Trivia
According to 1996 survey, there are 4 to 6 vehicles per 432.824 m.
The Beancurd industrial area covers 90,000 square meters in Balikpapan.de:Balikpapan gl:Balikpapan id:Kota Balikpapan ms:Balikpapan no:Balikpapan pl:Balikpapan fi:Balikpapan sv:Balikpapan