European dark bee
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{{Taxobox | color = pink | name = German Honeybee | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Arthropoda | classis = Insecta | ordo = Hymenoptera | familia = Apidae | genus = Apis | species = mellifera | subspecies = A. m. mellifera | trinomial = Apis mellifera mellifera | trinomial_authority = Linaneus, 1758 }}
The European dark bee (Apis mellifera mellifera) was domesticated in modern times, and taken to North America in colonial times. These small, dark-colored honeybees, sometimes called the German black bee, have the reputation of stinging people (and other creatures) for no apparent reason. Some colonies are very "runny" on the comb and so excitable that beekeepers consider them difficult to work with. This characteristic is, however, not original to dark bee breeds, which was indeed known for its rather easy handling characteristics (though not as placid as the Carniolan honeybee, but a result of declined breeding standards. There are 3 main breeds, namely mellifera (brown bee), lehzeni (heathland bee) and nigra (black bee), which have local variants, such as the Pomeranian Brown or the Alps Black.
They can be distinguished from other subspecies by their stocky body, abundant thoracal and sparse abdominal hair which is brown and overall dark coloration; in nigra, there is also heavy dark pigmentation of the wings. Overall, when viewed from a distance, they should appear blackish, or in mellifera, rich dark brown. The aggressive feral hybrids with other subspecies can be distinguished by the lighter, yellowish banding on the sides of the abdomen, but this is often difficult. For breeding pure dark bees according to the standard, details of the wing veins are nowadays considered to be the only reliable distinguishing character.
Significance
Apis mellifera mellifera is no longer a significant commercial subspecies of the Western honeybee, but there are a number of dedicated hobbyist beekeepers that keep these bees in Europe and other parts of the world. Immigrants brought these subspecies into the Americas. Prior to their arrival, the American continent did not have any honeybees. The honeybee is non-native to America. Hybrid descendants of the original colonial black bees may also have survived in North America as feral bees. There are reports by beekeepers that, after the arrival of the Varroa mite on the American continent in 1987, some feral bee colonies survived. The original form is not present in North America anymore.
In Central Europe, notably the German-speaking region, where dark bee breeds were originally kept and the different breeds took shape. However, the breeding stock was nearly destroyed by order of the Nazis, who considered the honey yields not up to modern standards and wanted to "improve" the bee stocks kept in Central Europe. This led to the creation of more aggressive, high-yield breeds, which, however, were very susceptible to Varroa mite infection and unpleasant to handle and were dropped from use after World War II, but just as in North America, some feral colonies survive. Dedicated breeders and research facilities are today working on preserving and spreading what could be saved from the original stocks. There are only a handful of colonies present in Germany, but larger numbers have survived in Norway (lehzeni), the Alps (nigra) and Poland, Belgium and the Alps (mellifera).