Ulster Defence Association

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The Ulster Defence Association (UDA) is a loyalist paramilitary organisation in Northern Ireland, outlawed as a terrorist group in the UK and Republic of Ireland, which is perceived by its supporters as defending the unionist community from Irish Republican terrorism. Its main objective during the Troubles was to retain the British rule in Northern Ireland. Its main activities were the killing of Catholic civilians and to a lesser extent, Irish nationalist politicians and Irish republican paramilitaries.

Origin and Development

The UDA was formed in 1971 as an umbrella organisation for various loyalist groups. At it's peak of strength it once held around 40,000 members, mostly part time. It also originally had the motto 'law before violence' and was in fact a legal organisation until it was banned in August 1991. During this period of legality, the Ulster Freedom Fighters (UFF) (a cover name for the UDA) committed a large number of murders, including that of SDLP politician Paddy Wilson in 1973.

In the 1970s the group favoured Northern Ireland independence, but they have retreated from this position. The UDA was involved in the successful Ulster Workers Council Strike in 1974, which brought down the Sunningdale Agreement - an agreement loyalists thought conceded too much to nationalist demands. The UDA enforced this general strike through widespread intimidation across Northern Ireland. The strike was led by Vanguard Assemblyman and UDA member, Glenn Barr.

The UDA/UFF's official political position during the Troubles was that if the Provisional IRA called off its campaign of violence, then the UDA would do the same. However, if the British government announced that it was withdrawing from Northern Ireland, then the UDA would act as "the IRA in reverse". Presumably this meant attacking British or Irish government or security force targets.

The UDA and Politics

The New Ulster Political Research Group (or NUPRG) was initially the political wing of the UDA, founded in 1978, which then evolved into the Ulster Loyalist Democratic Party in 1981 under the leadership of John McMichael, a prominent UDA member who was killed by the IRA in 1987, amid suspicion that he was set up to be killed by some of his UDA colleagues. In 1989, the ULDP changed its name to the Ulster Democratic Party (UDP), which dissolved itself in 2001 following very limited electoral success. Gary McMichael, son of John, was the last leader of the UDP, which supported the signing of the Good Friday Agreement but had poor electoral success and internal difficulties. The Ulster Political Research Group (UPRG) was subsequently formed to give political analysis to the UDA and act as community workers in unionist areas. It is currently represented on Belfast City Council.

Campaign of Violence

The UDA was involved in some killings in the early 1970s, but most of its murders were carried out since the late 1980s. They benefitted, along with the Ulster Volunteer Force and a group called Ulster Resistance set up by Ian Paisley's Democratic Unionist Party, from a shipment of arms imported from South Africa in 1988. The weapons landed included rocket launchers, 200 rifles, 90 pistols and over 400 grenades. Although almost two thirds of these weapons were later recovered by the RUC, they enabled to UDA to launch an assassination campaign against the Catholic/nationalist community in Northern Ireland. In 1992, Brian Nelson a UDA member convicted of sectarian murders, revealed that he was also a British Army agent. This led to allegations that the British Army and RUC were helping the UDA to target Irish republican activists. UDA members have since confirmed that they received intelligence files on republicans from British Army and RUC intelligence sources (Peter Taylor Loyalists). Nevertheless, the UDA killed only two known republican paramiltaries in the conflict. The majority of their victims were Catholics with no political or paramilitary connections. One of the most notorious UDA attacks came in October 1993, when two UDA men shot up a restaurant called the Rising Sun in the predominantly Catholic village of Greysteel, county Londonderry, where 200 people were celebrating Halloween. Eight people were killed and 19 wounded. This is known as the Greysteel massacre.

According to the Sutton database of deaths at the University of Ulster's CAIN project1, the UDA was responsible for 112 killings during the Troubles. 78 of its victims were civilians (predominantly Catholics), 29 were other loyalist paramilitaries (including 22 of its own members), 3 were members of the security forces and just two were republican paramilitaries. Many believe that a number of these attacks were carried out with the assistance or complicity of the British army and/or the Royal Ulster Constabulary. This belief was later backed up by the Stevens Enquiry although it hasn't yet been determined the exact number of people murdered as a result of collusion. The preferred modus operandi of the UDA was individual killings of - often random - civilian targets in nationalist areas, rather than large-scale bomb or mortar attacks. They also rapped innocent catholic men and women, sometimes including children. --81.79.16.211 18:24, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

Criminality

The UDA is heavily involved in racketeering and in the drugs trade in Northern Ireland, and to a lesser extent in western Scotland. The group had also developed strong links with neo-nazi groups in Britain such as Combat 18, though in 2005 the UDA announced that it was severing all ties with neo-Nazi organizations.

The US State Department's 2002 "Patterns of Global Terrorism" report substantiates these accusations, stating: "The UDA/UFF has evolved into a criminal organization involved in drug trafficking and other moneymaking criminal activities."

They have been involved in several feuds with the Ulster Volunteer Force, which led to many murders. The UDA has also been riddled by its own internecine warfare, with self-styled "brigadiers" and former figures of power and influence, such as Johnny Adair and Jim Gray (themselves bitter rivals), falling rapidly in and out of favour with the rest of the leadership. On February 22 2003, the UDA announced a "complete and utter cessation" of all acts of violence for one year. It said it will review its ceasefire every three months. It also apologised for the involvement of some of its members in the drugs trade.

Ceasefires

Its 'ceasefire' was welcomed by the Northern Ireland Secretary of State, Paul Murphy and the Chief Constable of the Police Service of Northern Ireland, Hugh Orde. Most nationalists were sceptical, however, as the UDA has a history of making and breaking ceasefires as it deems circumstances to warrant.

Following an August 2005 Sunday World article that poked fun at the gambling losses of one of its leaders, the UDA banned the sale of the Sunday World newspaper from shops in areas it controls. Shops that defy the ban have suffered arson attacks, and at least one newsagent was threatened with death. The PSNI have recently begun accompanying the paper's delivery vans.23 The UDA was also considered to have played an instrumental role in loyalist riots in Belfast in September 2005.

On the 13th of November, 2005, the UDA announced that it would "consider its future", in the wake of the standing down of the Provisional IRA and Loyalist Volunteer Force.4

In February 2006, the Independent Monitoring Commission reported that the UDA continued its paramilitary activities, as well as involvement in organized crime, drug trafficking, counterfeiting, extortion, money laundering and robbery.

Red Hand Defenders

The Red Hand Defenders is an organisation that formed in 1998. Its members are loyalist hard-liners that oppose the ceasefire. The organisation seems to be made up of members of the UDA/UFF and LVF - all organisations that officially denounce them. Speculation remains as to exactly what their relationships are.

References

• Eighth Report of the Independent Monitoring Commission, 1 February 2006. [1]
• Peter Taylor, Loyalists
• Ed Moloney, The Secret History of the IRA
• Brendan O'Brien, the Long war, the IRA and Sinn Feinde:Ulster Defence Association

es:Asociación en Defensa del Ulster pl:Ulster Defence Association pt:Associação de Defesa do Ulster ru:Ассоциация обороны Ольстера