Promulgation

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Template:Wiktionary Promulgation is the act of formally proclaiming new legislation to the public. This occurs when the law receives final formal approval. It is generally performed by the head of state who acts in accordance with either constitutional rules or convention.

• In the United Kingdom and in Commonwealth Realms, promulgation is performed when granting Royal Assent.
• In the Republic of Ireland, all laws passed by the Oireachtas are promulgated by the President of Ireland as required by Articles 13.3 and 25.1-5 of the Constitution of Ireland.
• On the Isle of Man, laws are promulgated annually on Tynwald Day; any Act that is not promulgated with in eighteen months of passage ceases to remain valid.
• In France, the President of the Republic promulgates law (he may ask Parliament to reconsider the law, but only once).
• In Germany, the President of Germany has the duty to duly promulgate and issue laws, unless he deems them "evidently unconstitutional". The question to what degree he has to be convinced of the constitutional violation to deny promulgation is hotly debated. One such case arose in July 2005, when it was unclear whether Horst Köhler would sign the bill that paved the way for new elections in September of 2005, after the German government under Gerhard Schröder had lost a parliamentary vote of confidence on purpose. He eventually did.
• In Poland laws have to be promulgated in the Dziennik Ustaw journal.
• In Hungary laws have to be promulgated by the President of the Republic and after must be published after in the Magyar Közlöny which is the national gazette.

• In the canon law of the Roman Catholic Church, laws issued by the Pope or an ecumenical council are promulgated when they are published in Acta Apostolicae Sedis and by default have the force of law three months after promulgation (can. 8 §1, CIC, 1983). Laws issued by bishops and particular councils are promulgated in various ways but by default take effect one month after promulgation (can. 8 §2, CIC, 1983).

• In American administrative law, a regulation may be said to be formally promulgated by an administrative agency.

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