Firmware

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In computing, firmware is software that is embedded in a hardware device. It is often provided on flash ROMs or as a binary image file that can be uploaded onto existing hardware by a user.

1 Definitions
2 Origins
3 Examples
4 External links

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Definitions

Firmware is defined as:

the computer program in a read-only memory (ROM) integrated circuit (a hardware configuration is usually used to represent the software);
the erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) chip, whose program may be modified by special external hardware, but not by [a general purpose] application program.

Source: Federal Standard 1037C.

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Origins

The term "firmware" was originally coined to indicate a functional replacement for hardware on low cost microprocessors.

Note that firmware for many devices can now be updated without the need for additional hardware, often through the use of vendor-provided software.

In practical terms, firmware updates can improve the performance and reliability, indeed even the basic available functionality of a device, and many devices benefit from regular firmware updates. One of the most common devices to have regular firmware updates are recording devices such as optical media writers (DVD, CD, Bluray), as media technologies extend, so firmware updates ensure hardware is kept up to date and compatible.

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Examples

Examples of firmware include:

the BIOS found in IBM-compatible Personal Computers;
the EFI BIOS found on Itanium systems, Intel-based Mac OS X machines, and as a secondary bootloader (which runs after the traditional BIOS) on x64 PCs;
Open Firmware, used in computers from Sun Microsystems and Apple Computer;
ARCS, used in computers from Silicon Graphics;
RTAS (Run-Time Abstraction Services), used in computers from IBM;
the Common Firmware Environment (CFE).