Racemization
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In chemistry racemization refers to partial conversion of one enantiomer into another.
Chiral molecules have two forms (at each point of asymmetry) which differ in their optical characteristics: the levorotatory form (the (−)-form) will rotate the plane of polarization of a beam of light to the left, while the dextrorotatory form (the (+)-form) will rotate the plane of polarization of a beam of light to the right. The two forms, which are non-superimposable mirror-images, are said to be enantiomorphic: each is the enantiomer of the other.
Many chemical processes take place without regard to a substance's optical characteristics, and result in a racemic mixture in which neither form predominates. However, pure forms of the enantiomers can be obtained: for example, by allowing crystallization, and hand-separating the left-handed and right-handed crystals. Biochemical reactions also prefer one enantiomer over another: most amino acids are enantiopure, and the L-form is used preferentially in biological systems.
Racemization is the process of an enantioenriched substance becoming a mixture of enantiomeric forms; the rate of racemization (from L-forms to a mixture of L-forms and D-forms) has been used as a way of dating biological specimens.