List of Proto-Semitic stems

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This is a list of Proto-Semitic stems with their reflexes in several Semitic languages (i.e. actually-pronounced forms with vowels, as opposed to Semitic pure consonantal roots). Only stems attested in Akkadian, or with cognates in other Afro-Asiatic groups, can be confidently included in Proto-Semitic; others must be placed in West Semitic. There is some controversy in Semitic linguistics over the sibilants' pronunciation; see below.


Contents

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Semitic Sound Correspondences

Description PS Akkadian Arabic Canaanite Aramaic Geez
voiced bilabial plosive Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Arabiyyah Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit በ Template:Semxlit
voiceless bilabial plosive Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Arabiyyah Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit ፈ Template:Semxlit
voiced dental fricative Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Arabiyyah Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit ዘ Template:Semxlit
voiceless dental fricative Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Arabiyyah Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit ሠ, ሰ Template:Semxlit
emphatic voiceless dental fricative Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Arabiyyah Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit ጸ Template:Semxlit
voiced dental plosive Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Arabiyyah Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit ደ Template:Semxlit
voiceless dental plosive Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Arabiyyah Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit ተ Template:Semxlit
emphatic voiceless dental plosive Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Arabiyyah Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit ጠ Template:Semxlit
(see notes) Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Arabiyyah Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit ሠ, ሰ Template:Semxlit
(see notes) Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Arabiyyah Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit ዘ Template:Semxlit
(see notes) Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Arabiyyah Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit ሠ Template:Semxlit
(see notes) Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Arabiyyah Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit ጸ, ፀ Template:Semxlit
lateral approximant Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Arabiyyah Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit ለ Template:Semxlit
voiceless alveolar lateral fricative Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Arabiyyah Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit ሠ Template:Semxlit
emphatic voiceless alveolar lateral fricative Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Arabiyyah Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit ጸ Template:Semxlit́
voiced velar plosive Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Arabiyyah Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit ገ Template:Semxlit
voiceless velar plosive Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Arabiyyah Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit ከ Template:Semxlit
emphatic voiceless velar plosive Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Arabiyyah Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit ቀ Template:Semxlit
voiced velar fricative Template:Semxlit - Template:Arabiyyah Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit ዐ Template:Semxlit
voiceless velar fricative Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Arabiyyah Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit ኀ Template:Semxlit
voiced pharyngeal fricative Template:Semxlit - Template:Arabiyyah Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit ዐ Template:Semxlit
voiceless pharyngeal fricative Template:Semxlit - Template:Arabiyyah Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit ሐ Template:Semxlit
glottal stop Template:Semxlit - Template:Arabiyyah Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit አ Template:Semxlit
voiceless glottal fricative Template:Semxlit - Template:Arabiyyah Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit ሀ Template:Semxlit
bilabial nasal Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Arabiyyah Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit መ Template:Semxlit
dental nasal Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Arabiyyah Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit ነ Template:Semxlit
alveolar trill Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Arabiyyah Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit ረ Template:Semxlit
labial-velar approximant Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Arabiyyah Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit ወ Template:Semxlit
initial labial-velar approximant Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Arabiyyah Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit ወ Template:Semxlit
palatal approximant Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Arabiyyah Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit Template:Ivrit Template:Semxlit የ Template:Semxlit
shut close vowel Template:Semxlit - Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit - -
prestressed close vowel Template:Semxlit - Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit - -
stressed close vowel Template:Semxlit - Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit - -
long close vowel Template:Semxlit - Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit - -
shut open vowel Template:Semxlit - Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit - -
prestressed open vowel Template:Semxlit - Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit - -
stressed open vowel Template:Semxlit - Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit - -
long open vowel Template:Semxlit - Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit - -
shut back vowel Template:Semxlit - Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit - -
prestressed back vowel Template:Semxlit - Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit - -
stressed back vowel Template:Semxlit - Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit - -
long back vowel Template:Semxlit - Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit - -

The original value of the four sibilants here transcribed as Template:Semxlit is controversial. The traditional values are as given, but in recent years Template:Semxlit have been suggested, based on assimilations found in Akkadian. In the latter case, those values should be substituted into the Akkadian transcriptions as well.

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Proto-Semitic Stems

English PS Akkadian Arabic Hebrew Syriac Geez Mehri
earth Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit -
father Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit
god Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit
house Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit
husband Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit
king Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit - - -
milk Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit -
name Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit
peace Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit
sun Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit -
tree Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit -
water Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit
wine Template:Semxlit - Template:Semxlit (> 'grape') Template:Semxlit - Template:Semxlit ('grape') -
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Body parts

English PS Akkadian Arabic Hebrew Syriac Geez Mehri
blood Template:Semxlit - Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit -
eye Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit
hand Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit
heart Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit
tongue Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit
tooth Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit -
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Animal names

English PS Akkadian Arabic Hebrew Syriac Geez Mehri
bull Template:Semxlit - Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit (> 'ox') - - -
camel Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit
dog Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit  ?
ewe Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit - - -
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Proto-West-Semitic Stems

This is a list of cognates for which no Akkadian cognate is known or attested.

English PWS Arabic Hebrew Syriac Geez Mehri
wasp Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit (> "bee") Template:Semxlit - -
holy Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit -
son Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit - Template:Semxlit
white Template:Semxlit Template:Semxlit (> "buttermilk") Template:Semxlit - - Template:Semxlit
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External links

pt:Lista de raízes proto-semíticas

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