AIDS reappraisal

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The AIDS reappraisal movement (or AIDS dissident movement) is a loosely connected group of activists, journalists, citizens, scientists, and doctors who deny, challenge, or question, (aspects of) the main scientific view that the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the sole cause of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). These challenges are met with resistance by many who adhere to the mainstream view, and they have accused dissidents of ignoring evidence in favour of HIV's role in AIDS as well as that their continued activity is a danger to public health. The dissidents to the contrary, assert that the current dominating view to AIDS, based on HIV causation, has resulted in inaccurate diagnoses, psychological terror, toxic treatments, and a squandering of public funds. The debate started already in the early 1980s and has provoked heated discussions.

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A brief history

  • 1982: The Health Education AIDS Liaison (HEAL) was founded in New York City and became the most prominent activist organization in the dissident movement. Other groups followed, including Alive and Well[1]. All these groups have openly challenged aspects of the HIV theory.
  • 1988: Perth Group, led by Eleni Papadopulos-Eleopulos, published their first peer-reviewed article questioning aspects of the mainstream ideas about HIV and AIDS. They concluded that there is "no compelling reason for preferring the viral hypothesis of AIDS to one based on the activity of oxidising agents" (Medical Hypotheses (1988) 25: 151-162; copy).
  • 1990: Dr. Robert Root-Bernstein published his first peer-reviewed article on his objections against the mainstream view of AIDS and HIV titled: Do we know the cause(s) of AIDS? (Perspectives in Biology and Medicine (1990) 33:480-500; copy).
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The AIDS dissident community

People critical to the mainstream view of AIDS include HIV diagnosed persons, government employees, scientists, doctors, and activists in several countries. Some notable scientists have joined their ranks, including Nobel Prize winners Kary Mullis (inventor of PCR, used for the development of the viral load test) and Walter Gilbert, as well as Peter Duesberg (who first isolated a cancer gene), Dr. David Rasnick (has nine patents on Protease inhibitors, a drug used for the treatment of HIV diagnosed) and Dr. Rodney Richards (one of the inventors of the original HIV antibody tests).

The AIDS reappraisal movement is calling for the reappraisal of AIDS through the VirusMyth website.

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Challenges

The challenges of the AIDS reappraisal movement often take one or more of the following forms:

  • HIV does not exist
  • HIV is a harmless retrovirus, often associated with AIDS conditions.
  • HIV does exist, and might cause AIDS, but it hasn't been proven to cause AIDS
  • HIV does exist, and might cause AIDS, but only in combination with other factors
  • HIV does exist, but does not cause AIDS: other infectious factors cause AIDS
  • HIV does exist, but does not cause AIDS: AIDS is not a contagious disease
  • HIV does exist, but does not cause AIDS: a combination of other infectious and non-infectious factors causes AIDS
  • AIDS does not always lead to death.
  • AIDS illnesses are often treatable and curable
  • Much of what causes AIDS illnesses is not infectious.
  • AIDS is a complicated phenomenon with many valid causes and many valid treatments, and cannot be reduced to a single cause.
  • Anti-AIDS drugs, employed throughout the AIDS era, like AZT, often destroy the immune system causing the very illnesses they were/are supposed to prevent or reduce.
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Alleged supression of debate

AIDS dissidents claim that mainstream AIDS researchers often hold an orthodox viewpoint which prevents an open discussion or presentation of dissident positions. To AIDS dissidents, this orthodoxy and closed viewpoint is the primary reason the HIV-causes-AIDS paradigm persists: that an open, neutral discussion is unacceptable, and that orthodox AIDS proponents often do not actually understand or truly investigate dissident claims.

Dissidents claim that it is not that the AIDS orthodoxy understands dissident arguments and rejects them. It is rather that most researchers involved in AIDS have never actually questioned the HIV-causes-AIDS paradigm. Dissidents say the HIV-hypothesis was announced at a press conference prior to any papers presented in the peer-reviewed, scientific literature.

The overwhelming majority of mainstream scientists feel that the issue of 'debate' is no longer relevant for a medical condition that has been subject to multiple peer-reviewed studies over the past twenty years, all of which have developed a clear consensus view that HIV is the causative factor for AIDS. For this group, the orthodoxy view of HIV is not a question of a 'closed' viewpoint, rather an acknowledgement of medical reality as derived from empirical data

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Existence of virus

Mainstream scientists claim studies have found that HIV-1 and HIV-2 are the causes of AIDS in humans. They also claim isolates of both HIV-1 and HIV-2 have been isolated and genotyped. The dissident claim is usually not that HIV does not exist, but that HIV-1 has not been properly "proven" to exist - that the new methods used to find HIV are invalid.

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Koch's postulates

Koch's postulates are a set of criteria formulated to establish a causal relationship between a suspected disease-causing organism and a disease. They are:

  • The suspected cause must be present in every case of the disease.
  • The suspected cause must be isolated from the host with the disease and grown in pure culture.
  • The disease must be reproduced when a pure culture of the suspected cause is inoculated into a healthy susceptible host.
  • The suspected cause must be recoverable from the experimentally infected host.

Proof of the fulfillment of these postulates is considered a sufficient demonstration of the causality of a disease. According to dissidents, failure to satisfy these postulates, especially the first two, may cast doubt on HIV as the cause of AIDS. Not all individuals diagnosed with HIV infection have quantifiable amounts of HIV in their blood. Dissidents claim that Koch's postulates are not adequately fulfilled, because there are individual cases in which the virus could not be found or isolated.

Mainstream scientists claim that HIV does fulfill these postulates, and that the exceptions are due to the imperfect sensitivity of HIV testing, or imperfect isolation techniques, rather than the absence of the virus. Mainstream scientists also assert that cholera, typhoid and Hepatitis C (a flavivirus) do not fulfill all of Koch's postulates, but are the causes of certain diseases and symptoms. Koch himself disregarded three postulates for cholera and typhoid (Koch 1884; Koch 1893).

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AIDS behavior challenged

Dissidents claim that AIDS has not behaved like a typical infectious disease. Typically, they claim, infectious diseases spread rapidly, even exponentially. AIDS has progressed relatively slowly in comparison with some other known infectious diseases; this is taken by dissidents to be evidence against AIDS being caused by an infectious agent.

Dissidents also note that in North America and Western Europe, AIDS spreads non-randomly, affecting specific groups of people, and moreover, that it is fragmented into distinct sub-epidemics with exclusive AIDS-defining diseases. According to dissidents, AIDS in Africa looks completely different from the corresponding syndrome in North America and Western Europe; one example that has been cited is that in Africa AIDS affects roughly equal numbers of men and women, while in North America and Western Europe it affects more men than women. Another statistic that is sometimes cited is that AIDS is highly correlated with drug use in Western countries, while it is associated with malnutrition and poor living conditions in Africa. According to dissidents, these are indicators of a non-infectious cause of AIDS.

The consensus view of mainstream scientists is that the relatively slow spread of AIDS is due to HIV's long latency period, and to new treatments and prevention campaigns which have slowed the spread of AIDS. There are many well-known infectious diseases which develop slowly and spread slowly, such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease or Hepatitis C. Indeed, the slow rate of development of AIDS does not imply that it is not infectious. Transmission via body fluid contact has been well demonstrated and is typical of infectious disease: HIV behaves exactly like other viruses in terms of its transmission through blood and breast milk. Prevalence and incidence rates enable accurate predictions based on the established notion that AIDS is infectious; the epidemiology is not in any way incompatible with infectious causation.

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HIV harm questioned

In addition to the claims regarding the variations in AIDS definition between North America, Western Europe, and Africa, another fact cited as supporting evidence that HIV is harmless is the fact that a small number of HIV-positive people remain relatively healthy 15 or 20 years after testing positive for HIV. Conversely, some HIV-seronegative people develop what would have been considered AIDS-defining diseases had they tested positive.

According to the mainstream perspective, the long period of HIV infection preceding AIDS manifestations is to be expected; they claim that HIV can take years to cause the immunosuppression necessary to permit opportunistic disease to occur. Before treatment was available, the mean duration between HIV infection and the development of AIDS was thought to be eight to ten years. This long period before the development of severe consequences does not, according to mainstream scientists, mean that the virus is harmless. By this measurement, Hepatitis C would also be a "harmless" virus, as its latent stage often runs longer than 20 years.

A sub-category of this claim is that all retroviruses are harmless. As the association of some T-cell leukemias and lymphomas with the RNA retrovirus Human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-1) has become widely known, this claim has become less frequent. In fact, HIV itself was originally thought to be a type of HTLV.

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AIDS definition

Of substantial concern to AIDS dissidents is the use of HIV antibody or viral testing as part of the definition of AIDS. Some of the approximately 30 AIDS-defining diseases, including Kaposi's Sarcoma and Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (formerly Pneumocystis carinii or PCP), are considered diagnostic of AIDS only when serologic evidence of HIV is present. In the absence of such evidence, these diseases are thought to be related to other immune problems, and are not diagnosed as AIDS. In other words, according to dissidents, the definition of AIDS is an example of circular logic: because diagnosis with AIDS requires the presence of HIV antibodies, there can be no AIDS without HIV, by definition.

Two major AIDS defining systems are used today, these are the WHO recommended system for use in resource limited settings (see WHO Disease Staging System for HIV Infection and Disease), and the CDC system for use in developed countries (see CDC Classification System for HIV Infection).

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HIV testing reliability

Skeptics of the HIV theory of AIDS claim that the process of testing individuals for the presence of HIV is flawed. One commonly cited example is the possibility of encountering a false positive, which would falsely identify someone as HIV positive when in fact they were HIV negative, e.g. because of cross-reactions with malaria antibodies. Dissidents also claim that the presence of antibodies to HIV should be taken as an indicator that the HIV within the body are being neutralized by the body's immune system, rather than as an indicator of active HIV.

Orthodox scientists recognize that all tests have false positives and false negatives, and strive to develop tests with lower rates of each. In any case, scientists work with aggregate data, not individual data, so that any given false result does not unduly skew results. Indeed, diagnosis of infection using antibody testing is one of the best-established concepts in medicine. Though the orthodoxy claims HIV antibody tests exceed the performance of most other infectious disease tests in both sensitivity (the ability of the screening test to give a positive finding when the person tested truly has the disease ) and specificity (the ability of the test to give a negative finding when the subjects tested are free of the disease under study), the reality is very different. All current government-approved HIV antibody tests have sensitivity and specificity in excess of 96% (except the HIV-TEK G by Sorin Biomedica) and are therefore claimed to be reliable (WHO, 2004). And ALL approved tests have the disclaimer that there is no recognized standard for establishing the absence or presence of HIV in human blood.

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AIDS treatment toxicity

Dissidents claim the treatments prescribed to AIDS patients often cause the very symptoms they are supposed to delay. For example, the package insert of Retrovir, a medication given to thousands of AIDS patients in the United States, "It was often difficult to distinguish adverse events possibly associated with administration of Retrovir from underlying signs of HIV disease or intercurrent illnesses."

Dissidents claim protease inhibitors can cause the appearance of temporary CD4 cell increases by measuring blood plasma, by the sequestering of these immune cells in lymph nodes, as the body enters into "toxic shock," as it is poisoned by the prescribed pharmaceutical drugs. Dissidents claim that eventually, because protease is an enzyme required for life, AIDS medications in the class of protease inhibitors, will kill HIV diagnosed people, regardless of whether HIV is the cause of AIDS.

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The "special news report" of Science

In 1994, the journal Science published an eight page special news report (Science 266: 1642-1649) written by Jon Cohen, presenting the results of a 3-month investigation into some of the claims by Peter Duesberg [3]. The Science news report was limited to "The Duesberg Phenomenon"; it was not on the AIDS reappraisal movement at large. Various other scientists have made comparable claims as Duesberg, but based on different arguments (see above).

Cohen interviewed both mainstream scientists and Duesberg and his supporters, and examined part of the AIDS literature, including papers written by Duesberg. The news report claimed "...although the Berkeley virologist raises provocative questions, few researchers find his basic contention that HIV is not the cause of AIDS persuasive. Mainstream AIDS researchers argue that Duesberg’s arguments are constructed by selective reading of the scientific literature, dismissing evidence that contradicts his theses, requiring impossibly definitive proof, and dismissing outright studies marked by inconsequential weaknesses." The news report also claimed that although Duesberg and the dissident movement have garnered support from prominent mainstream scientists, including Nobel Prize winners, most of this support is related to Duesberg’s right to hold a dissenting opinion, rather than support of his claims that HIV does not cause AIDS.

Science did not call for any of Duesberg's hypotheses to be tested and did not conduct any experiments. Dissidents claim that the Science article failed to address most of Duesberg's central claims, for example, the validity, reliability or accuracy of HIV testing. Dissidents also claim that Science refused to allow Duesberg or any of his colleagues the right to reply to many of the articles claims, however, Duesberg was allowed a two page "right to reply" and did so in the January 20, 1995 edition (Science 267: 313-314). The "Science" news report was written by a science writer, not a scientist, and was only reviewed by the editorial board. The then editor of Science, Daniel Koshland Jr., supported Peter Duesberg for a short time in finding funding for his research, however, Duesberg did not get the funding for the study he proposed. Dissidents claim that this is due to the refusal of the mainstream scientists to consider alternatives to HIV based AIDS, while the mainstream found his proposals inadequate.

Among the people critical to the Science news report was Serge Lang, a logician and mathematician from Yale and the author of many articles and a book on scientific controversies. He claimed the news report misrepresented many of Duesberg's claims, ignored most of the evidence he says support his claims, and then argued against positions he doesn't actually take [4]. Lang wrote, "the article completely omitted mention of dissenters such as Bialy and Haverkos, as well as many points raised by dissenters. For example, the NIDA meeting of May [1994], the position of Harry Haverkos on nitrite inhalants, the situation in Africa, the fact that malaria, tuberculosis, leprosy, and influenza, test false positive on the HIV antibodies test, were still not mentioned in the Science article."

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See also

HIV/AIDS

HIV - HIV structure and genome - HIV test - Antiretroviral drug - WHO Disease Staging System for HIV Infection and Disease - CDC Classification System for HIV Infection - HIV Disease Progression Rates - HIV vaccine - International AIDS Conferences - International AIDS Society - World AIDS Day - AIDS origin - AIDS pandemic - List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate - AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa - AIDS in India - AIDS in the United States - Treatment Action Campaign - UNAIDS - List of AIDS-related topics - Timeline of AIDS - Common misconceptions about HIV and AIDS - Oral polio vaccine AIDS hypothesis - Reappraisal of HIV-AIDS Hypothesis - Duesberg hypothesis - NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt - List of HIV-positive people - People With AIDS Self-Empowerment Movement - AIDS Museum - HIV-positive fictional characters

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External links

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Dissident

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Consensus

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General Reference

eo:Aidoso-retaksado es:Teorías alternativas sobre el VIH it:Ipotesi alternative sull'Aids pt:Reavaliação da AIDS zh:艾滋病重估运动

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