Abdul Karim Qassim
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| Image:Abdul Karim Qassim.jpg | |
|---|---|
| Date of Birth: | 1914 |
| Date of Death: | February 9, 1963 |
| Prime Minister of Iraq | |
| Tenure Order: | 1st Prime Minister (Republican) |
| Took Office: | July 1958 – February 1963 |
| Predecessor: | Ahmad Mukhtar Baban |
| Successor: | Ahmad Hasan al-Bakr |
Abdul Karim Qassim (Arabic: عبد الكريم قاسم ) (also various other spellings; including Kassem, Quasim; popularly known as "az-Za’im" (Arabic: الزعيم ) "the leader") (1914 - 9 February 1963) was an Iraqi military officer involved in the 1958 military coup d'état. Named Prime Minister of Iraq, Qassim associated himself with the ordinary Iraqi people. He was seen as humble and tolerant. His speeches were full of populist rhetoric, which he put into practice by confiscating the wealth of several rich pro-monarchy families.
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Early life and career
He was born in Baghdad and graduated from the Baghdad Military College. By 1955 he was a high-ranking military officer and by 1957 he was the paramount figure in an army faction opposed to the monarchy.
On 14 July 1958, Qassim and his followers used troop movements planned by the government as an opportunity to seize military control of Baghdad and overthrew the monarchy. This resulted in the executions of several members of the royal family and their close associates, including the reviled Nuri as-Said).
Prime Minister of the Republic ( July 1958 – February 1963)
After the Military Uprising, Qassim assumed the post of Prime Minister and Defence Minister, while Colonel Abdul Salam Arif was selected Deputy Prime Minister and Interior Minister. They became the highest authority in Iraq with both executive and legislative powers.
Qassim soon withdrew Iraq from the pro-Western Baghdad Pact and established friendly relations with the Soviet Union. Iraq also abolished its Treaty of mutual security and bilateral relations with Britain. Also, Iraq withdrew from the agreement with the United States that was signed by the monarchy from 1954 to 1955 regarding military, arms, and equipment. On May 30, 1959, the last of the British soldiers and military officers departed the Al-Habanya base in Iraq.
On July 26, 1958, the Interim Constitution was adopted, proclaiming the equality of all Iraqi citizens under the law and granting them freedom without regard to race, nationality, language or religion. The government freed political prisoners and granted amnesty to the Kurds who participated in the 1943 to 1945 Kurdish uprisings. The exiled Kurds returned home and were welcomed by the republican regime.
He lifted a ban on the Iraqi Communist Party, and demanded the annexation of Kuwait. He was also involved in the 1958 Agrarian Reform, modeled after the Egyptian experiment of 1952.
However, by 1959 Qassim moved against the Communist Party, removing its supporters from government and purging its activists from the Army. He also suppressed the party's mass organisations of students, workers and women and prevented the printing and distribution of its newspapers. The Iraqi Communist Party championed Qassim throughout his rule, despite the steps he took against it. It later appeared that Qassim’s suppression of Communist Party activity was his biggest mistake, since he was left with no means to mobilise ordinary people to defend his regime when the Ba’ath Party launched a coup in 1963.
Qassim worked to improve the position of ordinary people in Iraq, after the long period of self-interested rule by a small elite under the monarchy which had resulted in widespread social unrest. Among his accomplishments was the large-scale construction of housing for the urban working classes. The most notable example, and indeed symbol, of this was the new suburb of Baghdad named Madinat al-Thawra (revolution city), renamed Saddam City under the Baath regime and now widely referred to as Sadr City.
Iran and the Kurdish Revolts
During his term in office, he is also blamed to have paved the ground for the Iran-Iraq war. On December 18, 1959, Abdul Karim Qassim declared:
- We do not wish to refer to the history of Arab tribes residing in Al-Ahwaz and Mohammareh [Khorramshahr]. The Ottomans handed over Mohammareh, which was part of Iraqi territory, to Iran.
After this, Iraq started supporting secessionist movements in Khuzestan, and even raised the issue of its territorial claims in the next meeting of the Arab League, without any success
It was also during his rule as Prime Minister that confrontation with the Kurdish minority started. The new Government declared Kurdistan “one of the two nations of Iraq.” During his rule, the Kurdish groups selected Mustafa Barzani to negotiate with the government, seeking a solution to the Kurdish issue.
After a period of relative calm, the issue of Kurdish autonomy (or self-rule) went unfulfilled, sparking discontent and eventual rebellion among the Kurds in 1961.
Beginning in 1963, the Syrian Army and Air Force units assisted the Iraqi military in fighting against the Kurds.
Pan-Arab revolts and overthrow
A neutralist as well as a nationalist, there was much debate during his tenure over whether Iraq should join the United Arab Republic, led by Gamal Abdel Nasser. Having dissolved the Arab Union with the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, Qassim refused entry into the federation, although his government recognized the republic and considered joining it later.
A major concern of the pan-Arabists was the repression of the Iraqi branch of the Baath Party.
An assassination attempt in 1959 by dedicated pan-Arabists (including Saddam Hussein) led to a harsh crackdown on domestic opposition and the development of a personality cult. Qassim was a strong opponent of British military intervention in the Middle East, and repeatedly called for the removal of foreign troops.
Rebellions in Mosul and Iraqi Kurdistan, allegedly assisted by Nasser and the UAR, also complicated political matters. A second assassination attempt, motivated by suspected Communist influence and state control over the petroleum sector, was carried out with the backing of the British government and the American CIA in 1963.[1] [2] On 9 February 1963.
Death
Qassim was executed at the age of 49 after another coup, this one receiving support from pan-Arabist elements who had received support from Egypt.
In July 2004, Qassim's body was discovered by a news team associated with Radio Dijla in Baghdad.
Trivia
- He is still praised for his unselfishness by the Iraqi people: It is said that he died without owning anything, that he slept in his office in the Ministry of Defence and he used to give half his salary to his sister to cook lunches for him.
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External link
ar:عبد الكريم قاسم de:Abd al-Karim Qasim es:Abdul Karim Qasim nl:Abdul Karim Kassem