Agglutinative language

From Free net encyclopedia

(Redirected from Agglutinating language)

Image:Mergefrom.gif It has been suggested that Agglutination be merged into this article or section. ([[{{{2|: talk:Agglutinative_language}}}|Discuss]])

Linguistic typology
Morphological
Analytic
Synthetic
Fusional
Agglutinative
Polysynthetic

Morphosyntactic
Alignment
Nominative-accusative
Ergative-absolutive
Active-stative
Tripartite
Direct-inverse system
Syntactic pivot
Theta role

Word Order
VO languages
Agent Verb Object
Verb Agent Object
Verb Object Agent
OV languages
Agent Object Verb
Object Agent Verb
Object Verb Agent
Time Manner Place
Place Manner Time

edit

An agglutinative language is a language in which the words are formed by joining morphemes together. This term was introduced by Wilhelm von Humboldt in 1836 to classify languages from a morphological point of view. It was derived from the Latin verb agglutinare, which means "to glue together".

An agglutinative language is a form of synthetic language where each affix typically represents one unit of meaning (such as "diminutive", "past tense", "plural", etc.), and bound morphemes are expressed by affixes (and not by internal changes of the root of the word, or changes in stress or tone). Besides, and most importantly, in an agglutinative language affixes do not become fused with others, and do not change form conditioned by others.

Synthetic languages which are not agglutinative are called fusional languages; they sometimes combine affixes by "squeezing" them together, often changing them drastically in the process, and joining several meanings in one affix (for example, in the Spanish word comí I ate, the suffix -í carries the meanings of indicative mood, past tense, first person singular subject and perfect aspect).

Agglutinative is sometimes used as a synonym for synthetic, although it technically is not. When used in this way, the word embraces fusional languages and inflected languages in general. The distinction between an agglutinative and a fusional language is often not sharp. Rather, one should think of these as two ends of a continuum, with various languages falling more toward one end or the other. In fact, a synthetic language may present agglutinative features in its open lexicon but not in its case system: for example, German, Dutch.

Agglutinative languages tend to have a high rate of affixes/morphemes per word, and to be very regular. For example, Japanese has only three irregular verbs (and not very irregular), Nahuatl only two. Georgian is an exception; not only is it highly agglutinative (there can be simultaneously up to 8 morphemes per word), but there are also significant number of irregular verbs, varying in degrees of irregularity.

[edit]

Examples of agglutinative languages

Examples of agglutinative languages are the Altaic languages (see Turkish), Basque, the Dravidian languages, the Uralic languages, Inuktitut, Swahili, Zulu, Malay, the Northeast, Northwest and South Caucasian languages, and some Mesoamerican and native North American languages including Nahuatl, Huastec, and Salish. In the past, most of the Ancient Near East and what is now Iran also spoke such languages, like Sumerian, Elamite, Hurrian, Urartian, Hattic, Gutian, Lullubi, Punjabi and Kassite. An example of an agglutinative constructed language is Klingon.

Agglutinative languages are not entirely grouped by the family (although Finnish and Hungarian are definitely related, and it is often posited that Japanese and Korean are related). It is possible that convergent evolution had many separate languages develop this property, but there seems to exist a preferred evolutionary direction from agglutinative synthetic languages to fusional synthetic languages, and then to non-synthetic languages, which in their turn evolve again into agglutinative synthetic languages.

Many Tibeto-Burman languages are also agglutinative.

[edit]