Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

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The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) is the short title of United States Public Law 101-336, 104 Stat. 327 (July 26, 1990), codified at Template:Usc et seq., signed into law on July 26, 1990 by President George H. W. Bush. The ADA is a wide-ranging civil rights law that prohibits discrimination based on disability. It affords similar protections against discrimination to Americans with disabilities as the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which made discrimination based on race, religion, sex, national origin, and other characteristics illegal. Disability is defined "a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits a major life activity." The determination of whether a particular condition is a disability is made on a case by case basis. Certain specific conditions are excluded as disabilities, such as current substance abusers and transsexuality.

Contents

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Structure

The ADA consists of three introductory sections and five titles:

  • Introductory Sections
    • Table of Contents
    • Findings and Purposes
    • Definitions
  • Main Section
    • Title I - Employment
    • Title II - Public Services (and public transportation)
    • Title III - Public Accommodations (and Commercial Facilities)
    • Title IV - Telecommunications
    • Title V
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Groups who worked to pass the ADA

The ADA is notable because many disparate groups, many of which had never worked before, came together for a common purpose. In addition, other civil rights groups outside the disability community helped.

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Quote

On signing the measure, George H. W. Bush said,

"I know there may have been concerns that the ADA may be too vague or too costly, or may lead endlessly to litigation. But I want to reassure you right now that my administration and the United States Congress have carefully crafted this Act. We've all been determined to ensure that it gives flexibility, particularly in terms of the timetable of implementation; and we've been committed to containing the costs that may be incurred.... Let the shameful wall of exclusion finally come tumbling down."
[Emphasis added, see References for the URL]
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Controversy

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Inherent flaws

Some critics argue that enactment of the ADA has resulted in little progress in eliminating such discrimination because the remedies allowed under the law are primarily complaint-driven. That is, individuals must make complaints of discrimination to the person or agency charged with handling such complaints, only after which the agency may take action. Each title of the Act created an agency to handle such complaints, ranging from bodies of the federal executive branch to local civil rights enforcement agencies. Further, individuals under each title have the "private right of action", that is, the right to privately sue the alleged discriminating person or body. Many of these lawsuits have helped to clarify provisions of the Act as the courts have interpreted the law in specific cases, creating a body of legal precedent.

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Criticism

Although it has greatly improved the quality of life for people with severe physical disabilities, the ADA has also been heavily criticized for being overinclusive in its reach. In turn, the ADA allegedly serves as a legal haven for malingerers and so-called "professional plaintiffs" who make a living out of suing noncompliant businesses and collecting monetary damages.

The ADA was the target of a vicious media backlash in mid-1997 after the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission published its ADA guidelines in March. For example, The Onion satirized the ADA with an article about the passage of the "Americans with No Abilities Act," The Simpsons ran an episode in which Homer Simpson tried to become grossly obese so he would be exempt under the ADA from a mandatory workplace fitness program, and on an episode of the King of the Hill, Hank was forced by the ADA to hire a drug addict.

The underlying debate is over whether the ADA should cover people with disabilities that are not totally and catastrophically disabling. Most people agree that a person with a severe physical disability like paraplegia should be accommodated. But they are less likely to agree when the disability in question is a mental illness, like clinical depression, or consists of minor neck or back pain (see neuropathy). Others believe that accommodation laws put too many restrictions on the free market and should be repealed.

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References

  • Linda Hamilton Krieger, ed., Backlash Against the ADA: Reinterpreting Disability Rights Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2003.
  • Mary Johnson, Make Them Go Away: Clint Eastwood, Christopher Reeve & The Case Against Disability Rights. Louisville, KY: The Advocado Press, 2000.
  • Switzer, Jacqueline Vaughn. Disabled Rights: American Disability Policy and the Fight for Equality. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2003.
  • Bush, George H. W., Remarks of President George Bush at the Signing of the Americans with Disabilities Act. Available on-line at http://www.eeoc.gov/ada/bushspeech.html.
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See also

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Related categories

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ADA constitutionality-related cases

For cases determining the constitutionality of some of the ADA's provisions, see:

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External links

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