Ballpoint pen

From Free net encyclopedia

A ballpoint pen, in many countries also eponymously called a biro (bye-row), is a writing instrument, more specifically a pen, similar to a pencil in size and shape. The pens have an internal chamber filled with a viscous ink that is dispensed at the tip during use by the rolling action of a small metal sphere (0.7 mm to 1 mm in diameter); the ink dries almost immediately after contact with paper. Inexpensive, reliable and maintenance-free, they have almost completely replaced the fountain pen.

1 History
2 Description
3 Ballpoint pens in everyday life
4 Grip and feel
5 Trivia
6 External links

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History

The modern ball point pen was invented in 1938 by the Hungarian journalist Laszlo Biro, who noticed that the ink used in newspaper printing dried quickly, leaving the paper dry and smudge-free.

In the 1930s Biro was working as the editor of a small newspaper. Biro was frustated by the amount of time that he wasted in filling up fountain pens and cleaning up smudged pages. The sharp tip of his fountain pen often tore his pages too. Biro had noticed that the type of ink used in newspaper printing dried quickly, leaving the paper dry and smudge free. He decided to create a pen using same type of ink. Since this viscous ink would not flow from a regular pen nib, Biro with the help of his brother George, a chemist began to work on designing new types of pens. Biro fitted this pen with a tiny ball bearing in its tip that was free to turn in a socket. As the pen moved along the paper, the ball rotated, picking up ink from the ink cartridge and leaving it on the paper. He tried using the same ink in a fountain pen but found that it would not flow into the nib, as it was too viscous.

It has been argued that a design by Galileo (during the 17th century), was that of a ballpoint pen. A patent dated 1888 on the same basic idea, was unused and expired. Slavoljub Eduard Penkala had invented a solid-ink fountain pen in 1907. These earlier pens leaked or clogged due to improper viscosity of the ink and depended on gravity to deliver the ink to the ball. Depending on gravity caused difficulties with the flow and required that the pen be held nearly vertically. The Biro pen used capillary action for ink delivery, solving the flow problems.

In 1943 the Biro brothers moved to Argentina and on June 10 filed another patent, and formed Biro Pens of Argentina. The pen was sold in Argentina under the Birome brand, which is how ballpoint pens are still known in Argentina. Laszlo was known in Argentina as Lisandro José Biro. This new design was licensed by the British, who produced ball point pens for RAF aircrew, who found they worked much better than fountain pens at high altitude.

Eversharp, a maker of mechanical pencils teamed up with Eberhard-Faber in May 1945 to license the design for sales in the United States. At about the same time a US businessman saw a Biro pen in a store in Buenos Aires. He purchased several samples and returned to the U.S. to found the Reynolds International Pen Company, producing the Biro design without license as the Reynolds Rocket. He managed to beat Eversharp to market in late 1945; the first ballpoint pens went on sale at Gimbel's department store in New York City on October 29, 1945 for US$12.50 each (about USD$130 of today's money). This pen was widely known as the rocket in the U.S. into the late 1950s.

Similar pens went on sale before the end of the year in England, and by the next year in most of Europe. Cheap disposable instruments were produced by the BIC Corporation with "Bic" as the tradename; as with 'Hoover' and 'Xerox', the tradename has subsequently passed into general use.

Since 1990 Biro's birthday the 29th of September is Inventor's Day in Argentina.

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Description

Image:Ballpoint of common ballpoint pen.jpgThere are two basic types of ball point pen: disposable and refillable.

Disposable pens are chiefly made of plastic throughout and discarded when the ink is consumed; refillable pens are metal or plastic and tend to be higher in quality and price. The refill tends to replace the entire internal ink reservoir and ball point unit rather than actually refilling it with ink.

The simplest types of ball point pens have a cap to cover the tip when the pen is not in use, while others have a mechanism for retracting the tip. This is usually controlled by a button at the bottom and powered by a spring within the pen apparatus, but other possibilities include a pair of buttons, a screw, or a slide.

Early pens were notorious for leaking, giving rise to the 'pocket protector', but changes to the composition of the ink have largely made this a thing of the past. Modern ink is generally more viscous, but contains additives which cause it to thin out under pressure. As the pen is pushed against the paper, the ball causes the ink pressure to rise slightly, and thus thin out; as the pen is lifted, the pressure drops, and the ink thickens again.

In modern days, the fashion is more of gel pens and a large variety of colours. Ball point pens usually offer black, blue, red and green which are easiest to read. The most popular colour is probably blue, closely followed by black.

The most recent developments in the technology include:

Multi-color pens, with multiple ink refills and ballpoints which are switchable at will. One of the most common types is a four-color pen with the colors black, red, blue, and green. This type of pen was first introduced by Bic in the 1970s;
Rollerball pens, which combine the ballpoint design with the use of liquid ink and flow systems from fountain pens;
"Space Pens", developed by Fisher in the United States, which combine a more viscous than normal ballpoint pen ink with a gas pressurized piston which forces the ink toward the point. This design allows the pen to write even upside down or in zero gravity environments.

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Ballpoint pens in everyday life

Image:Ballpoint pen marks closeup.jpg Image:Ballpoint-pen-parts.jpg Ballpoint pens are ubiquitous in modern culture. While other forms of pen are available, ballpoint pens are certainly the most common and almost every household is likely to have several dozen. The fact that they are so cheaply available (costing from just a few cents/pence to produce) and so convenient to use means they are often to be found on desks and also in pockets, handbags, purses, bags and in cars—almost anywhere where one could conceivably need to use a pen. Ballpoint pens are often provided free by businesses as a form of advertising—printed with a company's name, a ballpoint pen is a low cost advertisement that is highly effective (customers will use, and therefore see, a pen on a daily basis). Businesses and charities may also include ballpoint pens in direct mail mailings in order to increase a customer's interest in the mailing.

In recent years, the ballpoint pen has become a popular art medium, as demonstrated by such websites as biro-art.com

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Grip and feel

Ballpoint pens have three characteristics that distinguish them from rollerball systems. First, the ink flow increases with pressure. A rollerball will typically lay down its line without pressure.

Second, they write with the greatest ink flow when perpendicular to the paper, but as the angle is increased the line width gradually decreases; at some angle, when the edge of the ball socket brushes against the surface of the paper, the line width is reduced to zero and the pen ceases to write. (By way of contrast, a rollerball pen has a thin line when perpendicular to the paper, but the line width increases suddenly as the angle is increased and a blob forms between the tip of the ball and the edge of the socket.)

Third, a ballpoint pen's ink is typically not as bright on paper as its liquid or gel ink counterparts.

These characteristics have consequences for the grip with which the pen is held. First, one tends to bear down on a ballpoint to get a stonger line, and this increases tension in the hand. (One way of getting a stronger line, comparable in intensity to a rollerball line, is to use a broad line ballpoint, with a 1.2mm diameter, or greater, ball size. Most ballpoints have a thin or medium ball.)

Second, one has to hold the pen sufficiently vertically for it to roll across the paper and not to scratch. Most people nowadays are so accustomed to writing nearly perpendicularly that they do not realize that there are other, possibly better, ways to hold a pen.

There are two kinds of pens that can write at greater angles than ballpoint pens: fountain pens and felt-tipped pens. Both of these types of pen also write with less pressure and therefore with less tension in the hand.

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Trivia

The Al Faisalia skyscraper in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, takes the shape of a ballpoint pen.
The ballpoint pen drawing 'Inhuman Pyramid' is two meters tall, one and a half meters wide, used up six ballpoint pens and took seven months to complete.

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