Black

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This article is about the color black; for other uses, see topic Black (disambiguation).

Black is a color with several subtle differences in meaning.

1 Color or light
2 Usage, symbolism, colloquial expressions
3 Black pigments
4 See also

Color or light

Template:Infobox colorBlack can be defined as the visual impression experienced in directions from which no visible light reaches the eye. (This makes a contrast with whiteness, the impression of any combination of colors of light that equally stimulates all three types of color-sensitive visual receptors.)

Pigments that absorb light rather than reflect it back to the eye "look black". A black pigment can, however, result from a combination of several pigments that collectively absorb all colors. If appropriate proportions of three primary pigments are mixed, the result reflects so little light as to be called "black".

This provides two superficially opposite but actually complementary descriptions of black. Black is the lack of all colors of light, or an exhaustive combination of multiple colors of pigment. See also Primary colors

† various CMYK combinations
c	m	y	k
0%	0%	0%	100%	(canonical)
100%	100%	100%	0%	(ideal inks, theoretical only)
100%	100%	100%	100%	(registration black)

In physics, a black body is a perfect absorber of light, but by a rule derived by Einstein it is also, when heated, the best emitter. Thus, the best radiative cooling, out of sunlight, is by using black paint, though it is important that it be black (a nearly perfect absorber) in the infrared as well.

In elementary science far Ultraviolet light is called "black light" because, unseen (per se), it causes many minerals and other substances to fluoresce.

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Usage, symbolism, colloquial expressions

In the Western world, black is most often used with a negative connotation. The reasons for this are various, but the most widely accepted explanations are that night is experienced by humans as negative and dangerous. A secondary reason is that stains are most visible as dark additions to pale materials. In traditional class-based Western cultures "pale" skin indicated genteel domestic or intellectual indoor-work as opposed to rough outdoor labor in the fields. Aspects of this black/white opposition are not unique to the West, as, for example in the Indian varna system. African, Afro-Caribbean and African-American writers such as Frantz Fanon, Langston Hughes, Maya Angelou, and Ralph Ellison in particular identify a number of negative symbolisms surrounding the word "black", arguing that the good vs. bad dualism associated with white and black provide prejudiced connotations to color metaphors for race.

A "black day", in these cultures, would refer to a sad or tragic day. The Romans already marked fasti days with white stones and nefasti days with black.
- e.g. the Black September in Jordan refers to a month in which thousands were killed.
- Black Monday, stock market crash on October 19, 1987
- Black Tuesday, stock market crash on October 29, 1929 which is the start of the Great Depression.
- Black Wednesday caused Britain to pull out of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism.
- Black Thursday, stock market crash on October 24, 1929
- Black Friday, various tragic events. Also the day after Thanksgiving, the official start to the US holiday shopping season, though in this latter case it is a positive thing.
many poems and songs use the word black negatively (e.g. "Paint It Black" (Rolling Stones), "Baby's In Black" (Beatles), "Black Eyed Dog" (Nick Drake), " Fade to Black" (Metallica).
Often used as an adjetive to describe negros such as Andrew Tomashitsker & Alex Vogul (also see homosexual-black) and members of the War Craft community.
In English heraldry, black means darkness, doubt, ignorance, and uncertainty. (The American Girls Handy Book, p. 370)
Black is often a color of mourning. Historically, widows and widowers were often expected to wear black.
Black comedy is a form of comedy dealing with morbid and serious topics.
Black magic is an evil form of magic, often connected with death.
A blacklist is a list of undesirable persons or entities.
Evil witches are sterotypically dressed in black and good fairies in white. Melodrama villains are dressed in black and heroines in white dresses. In many Hollywood Westerns, bad cowboys wear black hats while the good ones wear white. Funeral dress is black, wedding gowns are white.
In computer security, a blackhat is an attacker with evil intentions, while a whitehat bears no such ill will.
The black market is illegal.
Blackmail is illegal and is perceived as immoral.
The black sheep of the family is the ne'er-do-well.
The infamous "black hole of Calcutta."
To "blackball" someone is to prevent admission.
Black thoughts are wicked ones.
A black mood is a bad one (e.g. Winston Churchill's depression, which he called "my black dog").
A black cat often means bad luck and that you will probably not live.
If you sink the black eight-ball in billiards before all others are out of play, you lose. (The ball with which you sink all others is the white cue ball.)
A black mark against you is a bad thing.
A black-hearted person is mean and unloving.
Black propaganda is the use of known falsehoods, partial truths, or masquerades in propaganda to confuse an opponent.

However, black can have positive symbolism.

In the Maasai tribes of Kenya and Tanzania, the color black is associated with rain clouds, becoming a symbol of life and prosperity.
In Western fashion, black is considered reliably stylish. This seems to be for reasons of contrast with the white skin (conversely, white t-shirts or suits are always stylish among African-Americans).
- The colloquialism "the new black" is a reference to the latest trend or fad, on the basis that black is always fashionable.
Black can also be seen as the colour of prestige: for example, limousines are usually in black, and black tuxedos are worn at black tie functions.
Black is seen as a color of seriousness and authority.
- Many priests of the older religious denominations traditionally wear black.
- Lawyers and judges often wear black robes, as are university graduates (see Academic dress).
- The beltzak ("blacks" after their uniform) are the riot control units of the Basque Autonomous Police
- Traditionally, Police vehicles ("Panda cars") were in black and white.
Black Watch is the senior Highland Regiment of the British Army.
To say one's accounts are "in the black" is used to mean that one is free of debt.
- (Being "in the red" is to be in debt—in traditional bookkeeping, negative amounts, such as costs, were printed in red ink, and positive amounts, like revenues, were printed in black ink, so that if "the bottom line" is printed in black, the firm is profiting.)
The most sought-after rank in any martial art is a black belt.
Cathar Perfects wore black (Cathars viewed black as a color of perfection).
Dreaming of a black cat, or seeing a black cat walking towards you, was originally a sign of bad omen; today however, it is increasing viewed as meaning good luck.

Black can also be used in many neutral ways.

The term black is often used in the West to denote race for persons whose skin color ranges from light to darker shades of brown. For a discussion of usage, see the main entry at Black (people) and Color metaphors for race.
In arguments, things can be black-and-white, meaning that the issue at hand is dichotomized. However, this dualism is fraught with danger, as one may assign the colors "black and white" to bad and good, respectively. Also, few arguments have only two opposing sides.
Black frequently symbolizes ambiguity, secrecy, and the unknown.
- A black box is any device whose internal workings are unknown or irrelevant.
- A black project is a secretive project, like Enigma Decryption, Narcotics, or police sting operations.
- The blackshirts were Italian Fascist militias (negative for anti-fascists, but presumably positive for the original fascists themselves)
- Some organizations are called "black" when they keep a low profile, like Sociétés Anonymes and secret societies.
From 1988 until his death in the 2001 Daytona 500, NASCAR driver Dale Earnhardt was famous for driving a black Chevrolet.
The term "black hole" is applied to collapsed stars. This term is metaphorical in the extreme, because few properties of black objects or black voids apply to black holes. However, light emitted within a black hole's event horizon cannot escape, hence a black hole cannot be directly observed.
The national rugby team of New Zealand is called the All Blacks, in reference to their black outfits.
Association football (soccer) referees traditionally wear all-black uniforms, however nowadays other uniform colors may also be worn.
In auto racing, a black flag signals a certain driver to go into the pits.
Black is also used for anarchist symbolism, sometimes split in diagonal with other colors for further symbolism. The plain black flag is explained as the opposite of a white flag signalling surrender. It is also sometimes an anarchist dress code, with a practical benefit of not attracting attention and making later identification of a subject difficult. This strategy referred to as a black bloc.
In German politics 'black' is used colloquially to refer to the conservative parties CDU and CSU
In Portuguese politics, black is the party colour of the Leftwing Bloc
In ancient China, black was the symbol of North and Water, one of the main five colors. There is no negative or positive meaning associated with it. In fact, in Chinese culture, white is the color associated with death.
Black is the color of the snooker ball which has a 7-point value, and also the eighth billiard ball. In the game of eight ball, this ball is the ultimate object of the game, but, if accidentally sunk, means instant loss of the game.
A polished black mirror is used for scrying, and is thought to help see into the paranormal world without interference or distraction.
Members of the modern subculture of Goths dress predominantly in black.
Many performers of classical or other "serious" art music dress in all-black clothes for a concert or recital.
A large number of sports teams have uniforms designed with black colors - many feeling the color sometimes inparts a psychological advantage in its wearers. Among the more famous (or infamous) include the Oakland Raiders and Pittsburgh Steelers of the NFL, the San Antonio Spurs of the NBA, and Inter Milan of the Serie A of the Italian soccer leagues.

Interestingly, among the Chinese communities of South-East Asian countries such as Singapore & Malaysia, "hak gau peh" which literally means "black dog beer" in Cantonese refers to Guinness Stout.

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Black pigments

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Black

From Free net encyclopedia

Contents

Color or light

Usage, symbolism, colloquial expressions

Black pigments

See also

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