Snooker

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For the dog-agility Snooker class, see dog agility.

Snooker is a billiards sport that is played on a large (12' × 6') baize-covered table with pockets in each of the four corners and in the middle of each of the long cushions. It is played using a cue, one white ball (the cue ball), 15 red balls and 6 colours: a yellow (worth 2 points), green (3 points), brown (4 points), blue (5 points), pink (6 points) and black ball (7 points). A player wins a frame of snooker by scoring the most points, through using the cue ball to pot all the red and coloured balls. A match consists of an agreed number of frames. Snooker is particularly popular in English-speaking countries such as Scotland, England, Wales, Ireland, Canada, Australia and South Africa. There has recently been a surge of interest in East Asia, with players from Hong Kong, China and Thailand entering the rankings. It's also very popular in Pakistan and India.

1 History
2 Governing body
3 The game
4 Tournaments
5 Notable players
6 Snooker equipment
7 Glossary
8 See also
- 8.1 Results
9 External links

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History

The game of billiards dates back to the 15th century but snooker is a more recent invention. In the late 19th century billiards games were popular among British army officers stationed in India and players used to experiment with variations on the game. The most commonly accepted story is that, at the officers' mess in Jubbulpore in 1875, Colonel Sir Neville Chamberlain (no relation to the later Prime Minister) suggested adding coloured balls to a billiards game. The word 'snooker' was army slang for a first-year cadet. This came to be used for novices to the game, and eventually for the game itself. British billiards champion John Roberts travelled to India in 1885, where he met Chamberlain. Chamberlain explained the new game to him, and Roberts subsequently introduced it to England.

Snooker championships date back to 1916. In 1927, Joe Davis helped establish the first professional world championship, and won its prize of £6.10s (£6.50, equivalent to about £200 or $348 today). He went on to win every subsequent world championship until 1946, when he retired from tournament play. The trophy he donated all those years ago is still awarded to the world champion.

A dispute between the professionals and the Billiards Association & Control Council (BA&CC, the game's then-governing body) meant that there were only two entrants for the 'official' world championship – Horace Lindrum (Australia) beat Clark McConachy (New Zealand). However, the professionals organised their own 'world championship' (termed the Professional Match-Play Championship) between 1952 and 1957, and the winners of this version are generally accepted as the World Champion. Nevertheless, it is Lindrum's name that is engraved on the familiar trophy.

Snooker suffered a decline in the 1950s and 1960s, so much so that no tournament was held from 1958 to 1963. In 1969, the BBC, in order to demonstrate their new colour broadcasts, launched a new snooker tournament, called Pot Black. The multi-coloured game, many of whose players were just as colourful, caught the public interest, and the programme's success wildly exceeded expectations. Ted Lowe, the commentator famous for his whispering delivery, was the driving-force behind Pot Black, which survived until well into the 1980s.

In the early 1970s, the world championship received little TV coverage. However, in 1976 it was featured for the first time and very quickly became a mainstream professional sport. World rankings were introduced in 1977. Money poured into the game, and a new breed of player, typified by Steve Davis, young, serious and dedicated, started to emerge. The first maximum break of 147 in televised tournament was made by Davis against John Spencer in the Lada Classic, Oldham, in 1982. The first 147 at the World Championships (Crucible, Sheffield) was by the Canadian Cliff Thorburn. The top players became sterling millionaires. There was even a comic snooker song in the pop charts: Snooker Loopy by Chas & Dave.

Perhaps the peak of this golden age was the World Championship of 1985, when 18.5 million people (one third of the population of the UK) watching BBC2 saw Dennis Taylor lift the cup after a mammoth struggle against Davis that finished with the potting of the last possible ball (with the exception of a re-spotted black), well after midnight on a Sunday night. To this day, polls rank the 1985 World Snooker Championship final amongst UK TV's most memorable all-time moments.

Snooker remains immensely popular in the United Kingdom, second only to football amongst television viewers.

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Governing body

The World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association (WPBSA), founded in 1968 as the Professional Billiard Players' Association, is the governing body for the professional game. Its subsidiary, World Snooker, organises the professional tour. The organisation is based in Bristol, England. It must be said that the world governing body has been racked by in-fighting for a number of years.

The amateur game is governed by the International Billiards and Snooker Federation (IBSF).

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The game

Image:Snooker table drawing 2.svg Snooker is played on a rectangular 6' by 12' (about 1.83m by 3.66m) table (often referred to as 'Full Size' as smaller same ratio tables can be used) with six pockets, one at each corner and one in the middle of each long side. At one end of the table (the 'Baulk End' ) is the so-called 'baulk line', which is 29 inches from the baulk end cushion. A semicircle of radius 11½ inches, called the "D", is drawn behind this line, centred on the middle of the line. On the baulk line, looking up the table from the 'baulk end', the yellow ball (2 points) is located where the "D" meets the line on the right, the green ball (3) where the "D " meets the line on the left, and the brown ball (4) in the middle of the line. An easy way to remember these positions is to see the phrase 'God Bless You' with the first letter of each word being the first letter of the three colours. At the exact middle of the table sits the blue ball (5). Further up the table is the pink ball (6), which sits midway between the blue spot and the top cushion, followed by the red balls (1 each), placed in a tightly-packed triangle behind the pink (the apex must be as close as possible to the pink ball without touching it). Finally, the black ball (7) is placed on a spot 12¾ inches from the top cushion.

A snooker match usually consists of an odd number of frames. The winner of the match is the player who first reaches a number of frames higher than half of the total number of frames. If a match has 19 frames, this means a match will end when one of the players reaches 10 frames.

At the beginning of each frame the balls are set up by the referee as explained. This will be followed by a "break-off" shot, on which the players take turns. At the break-off, the white cue ball can be placed anywhere inside the "D", although it is common for players to start by placing the ball on the line, between the brown ball and either the green or yellow ball.

The cue ball is the ball that players must hit with their cue in order to let it hit and possibly pot another ball. The cue ball is always the white ball and hitting another ball with your cue directly is not allowed. The ball "on" is the first ball that, according to the rules of the game, must be hit by the cue ball after the player has struck it. This changes from shot to shot.

Players take turns in visiting the table. When one player is at the table, the other cannot play. A "break" is a number of points scored by one player in one single visit to the table.

The game consists of two phases. In the first phase, which begins every new frame or every time a player comes into turn, the balls "on" are all the red balls. A player gets 1 point for a red ball potted. If more than one ball can be potted in a single stroke, the player will receive 1 point for every red. However, the white itself or another colour cannot be potted. Red balls potted will always stay down. If no red ball is potted, the other player comes into play.

If a red ball is potted, the player currently in play stays at the table and continues with another stroke. This time one of the six colours is the ball "on". When playing a colour, the game's rules state that a player must nominate the ball being played for to the referee, so that the referee knows which ball is the ball "on" and which are not; however this is not necessary on most shots because the choice is obvious. The choice is usually made explicit only if two or more coloured balls are in close proximity or near the same line of sight.

When a colour is potted, the player will be awarded the correct number of points (Yellow, 2; Green, 3; Brown, 4; Blue, 5; Pink, 6; Black, 7). The colour is then taken out of the pocket by the referee and placed on its original spot. If that spot is covered by another ball, the ball is placed on the highest available spot. If there is no available spot, it is placed as close to its own spot as possible in a direct line between that spot and the top (black end) cushion, without touching another ball. If there is no room this side of the spot, it will be placed as close to the spot as possible in a straight line towards the bottom cushion, without touching another ball.

A player cannot pot more than one colour at the same time, or a colour and a red.

When all reds are gone, the second phase begins. In this phase, all colours have to be potted in the correct order (yellow, then green, then brown, then blue, then pink, then black). They become the ball "on" in that order. During this phase, the colours stay down and are not replaced on the table.

When a foul is made during a shot, the player will receive no points for the shot. The other player will receive penalty points.

Common fouls are:

not hitting the ball "on" with the cue ball
hitting another ball with the cue
pocketing a red when "on" a colour, or a colour when "on" a red, or potting a colour when "on" a different colour
pocketing the cue ball
making a ball land off the table
touching a ball with something else than the cue
playing a "push shot" - a shot where the cue, cue ball and object ball are in simultaneous contact
playing a jump shot, which is where the cue ball leaves the table and jumps over a ball (even if touching it in the process) before first hitting another ball

Whereas in other games, such as pool, if the cue ball is touched with the tip of the cue when it is in baulk after being potted then a foul is committed, in snooker if the cue ball is touched with the tip after being potted and in the D, a foul is not committed as long as the referee is satisfied that the player was only positioning the ball, and not playing, or preparing to play, a shot.

Penalty points are at least 4 points. This can increase depending on the value of the ball "on", and the value of the "foul" ball, whichever is the highest. When more than one foul is made, the penalty is not the added total, but the most highly valued foul.

The foul of not hitting the ball "on" first is the most common foul. The name of the game originally comes from the verb "snooker" which means to bully, or to put in trouble. Players can put other players in trouble by making sure they can not hit the ball(s) "on" in a direct line from the next shot. This is called a "snooker".

Since players receive points for fouls by their opponents, snookering your opponent is a possible way to win a frame when potting all the balls on the table would be insufficient for you to win.

If a foul has been committed by not hitting a ball "on" first, or at all, and the referee judges that the player has not made the best possible effort to hit a ball "on", and neither of the players are in need of snookers to win the frame, then 'foul, and a miss' is called and the other player may request that all balls on the table are returned to their position before the foul, and the opponent play the shot again. (In top class play, this will usually require only the cue ball and a couple of other balls to be moved). When a foul shot has been played, the player who committed the foul may also be asked to go back to the table for another shot if the position is still difficult to play from. It should be noted that this rule does not normally apply to amateur matches.

The highest break that can be made under normal circumstances is 147. To achieve that, the player must pot all 15 reds, with the black after every red, followed by potting the six remaining colours. This "maximum break" of 147 rarely occurs in match play.

When a player leaves an opponent snookered on at least one side of all balls "on" after a foul, the other player will receive a free ball. This means any colour can be nominated and played as the ball "on". Points are received for the ball "on" after potting it. If the ball "on" is a red ball, after potting the free ball, a player can nominate and pot a colour as usual.

This means the highest achievable break is actually 155 points. If an opponent fouls before any balls are potted, and leaves the player a free ball, the player can then nominate a colour and play it as a red ball. Then, black can be nominated as the next colour. This means it is actually possible to score the value of 16 "reds" and blacks, which equals 155 points. This has never been done. The highest break in tournament play is 149, the highest break in professional matchplay is 148. (see also highest snooker break).

A frame normally ends in one of four ways:

(i) a concession, when one player gives up due to being too far behind to have a realistic chance of winning the frame.

(ii) when the pink is potted and the difference between the players' scores is more than 7 points. The frame is over and, while the striker may pot the black (for a clearance break, for example), no further shots are allowed.

(iii) the black is potted AND the 7 points scored puts one player ahead

(iv) a foul on the back AND the 7-point penalty puts one player ahead. (It is sometimes wrongly assumed that play continues after a foul on the black if there is then less than seven points in the scores. This is not the case: the player who makes such a foul loses the frame.)

If, however, the black is fouled and the 7-point penalty brings the scores level, the black is respotted. Play continues from in-hand, with the players tossing a coin for the choice of playing first or making the opponent play first. Potting or fouling a respotted black ends the frame.

Occasionally, but very rarely, a player will forfeit a frame due to a failure to hit a ball "on" three times in a row; and should a player refuse to take his turn at any stage, the referee would have the right to declare the frame over. This would be a most unlikely occurrence.

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Tournaments

The most important event in professional snooker is the World Championship, held annually since 1927 (except between 1958 and 1963). The tournament has been held at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield (England) since 1977, and was sponsored by Embassy from 1976 to 2005. Due to the fact that tobacco companies are no longer allowed to sponsor sporting events in the United Kingdom after 2005, the World Snooker Championship had to find a new sponsor. It was announced in February 2006 that the 2006-2010 world championships would be sponsored by online casino 888.com.

Discussion has occurred about the whereabouts of future World Championships, focussing on the possibility of moving the tournament to another city (either in the UK or overseas), or to a bigger venue to accommdate the high spectator demand. This was concluded in 2005 with confirmation that the event will stay in Sheffield for at least a further five years. However, there are plans still to replace The Crucible in Sheffield, by building a new, high capacity, billiards arena.

The group of tournaments that come next in importance are the ranking tournaments. Players in these tournaments score world ranking points. A high ranking ensures qualification for next year's tournaments, invitations to invitational tournaments and an advantageous draw in tournaments.

Third in line are the invitational tournaments, to which most of the highest ranked players are invited. The most important tournament in this category is The Masters

There are also other championships that have less importance, which don't give any world ranking points and aren't televised. Details of these are availible at the World snooker website.

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Notable players

Stephen Hendry (Scotland), won seven World Championships in the 1990s. Rated by many as the greatest player ever.
Ronnie O'Sullivan (England), won two World Championships, most recently in 2004; holder of the record for fastest televised 147 break. Nicknamed 'The Rocket' due to his blisteringly fast rate of potting. Also notable for his ability to play with his wrong-hand (left-handed) to a high standard.
Steve Davis (England), won six World Championships in the 1980s; nicknamed 'The Nugget'
Mark Williams (Wales), twice World Champion, 2000 and 2003. Widely regarded as the greatest single ball potter in the game. Nickname is 'Double Top'
John Higgins (Scotland), World Champion 1998. Holds the record for making the most centuries (four) in consecutive frames in one match, and the most unanswered points (494 against Ronnie O'Sullivan). Nickname is 'The Wizard of Wishaw'
Ken Doherty (Republic of Ireland), won the 1997 World Championship, and is the only person in the world who has won all three World Championships: Under 21, Amateur and Professional.
Peter Ebdon (England), World Champion 2002. Known for his very focussed concentration during matches.
Jimmy White (England), the eternal bridesmaid, who has been runner-up in the World Championships six times. One of the most exciting and popular players the game has ever seen, also known as 'The Whirlwind'
Joe Davis (England), won the World Championships 15 consecutive times from 1927 to 1946
Fred Davis (England), won nine World Championships in the 40's and 50's following the retirement of his older brother, Joe.
Alex 'Hurricane' Higgins (Northern Ireland), brought the sport to new levels of popularity and won two World Championships, 1972 and 1982
John Pulman (England), dominated in the 1960s
Ray Reardon (Wales), won six World Championships, mostly in the 1970s
John Spencer (England), three-times World Champion from the late 60s onwards
Dennis Taylor (Northern Ireland), won the famous 1985 World Championship final; also famous for wearing large spectacles
Cliff Thorburn (Canada), the only player from outside the British Isles to win the World Championship. Nickname is 'The Grinder', due to highly tactical style of play often leading to long matches.
Terry Griffiths (Wales) the last player to win the World Championships at his first attempt (in 1979).
Shaun Murphy (England) the surprise winner of the 2005 World Championships, and the first player to win after passing through the qualifying rounds since Terry Griffiths.
Ding Junhui (China), China Open 2005 and UK Champion 2005. The most successful player from the recent rapid growth of snooker in China.

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Snooker equipment

chalk: The tip of the cue is 'chalked' to ensure good contact between cue and ball.
cue: The wooden stick, the tip of which is used to strike the cue ball.
extension: A shorter stick that fits over (or screws into) the back end of the cue, effectively lengthening the cue. Used to facilitate shots where the cue ball is a long distance from the player.
rest: A stick with an X-shaped head that is used to support the cue when the cue ball is out of reach at normal extension.
hook rest: Identical to the normal rest, yet with a hooked metal end. It is used to set the rest around another ball. The hook rest is the most recent invention in snooker.
spider: Similar to the rest but has an arch-shaped head; it is used to elevate (and support) the tip of the cue above the height of the cue ball. Also available is the extended spider, which is used in situations where the position of the balls prevents the use of the spider (because the spider's legs would need to be placed where a ball intervenes).
swan

(or swan-necked spider): Rarely used - the swan has a single extended neck with a fork-like prong at the end to give extra distance over larger obstructions.

triangle: The piece of equipment used for gathering the balls into the formation required by the game being played. Also known as a rack.
extended rest: Same as the regular rest, but with a mechanism which makes it possible to extend the rest by 3 feet.
extended spider: Rest which is a hybrid between the swan and the spider. Its purpose is to bridge over large packs of reds. Rarely seen in professional snooker.
ball marker: multi-purpose instrument with 'D' shaped notch, which a referee can (1) place next to a ball, in order to mark the position of the ball. He now can remove the ball to clean it; (2) use to judge if a ball is preventing a colour from being placed on its spot; (3) use to judge if the cue-ball can hit the extreme edge of a "ball on" when awarding a free ball (by placing it alongside the potentially intervening ball).

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Glossary

angled: Path to object ball is blocked by the jaws of a pocket.
backspin: A shot played by striking the cue ball below centre, the spin causing the cue ball's trajectory to bend against its initial direction of motion.
baulk area: The area between the baulk line and the end cushion at that end of the table.
break: a number of points scored by one player in one visit to the table.
cannon: A shot where the cue ball strikes more than one object ball.
century: A break of 100 points or more.
check side: Side that is used to narrow the angle that the cue-ball takes after contact with a cushion or another ball.
Chinese Snooker: A position in which a shot is made very difficult by another ball being right behind the cue ball, making it hard to hit the cue ball in the right direction for the shot.
clearance: Break ending with potting the black in phase 2, and thus with an empty table (except for the cue ball).
containing safety: A safety shot in which the aim is not to snooker the opponent, but to reduce the chance of your opponent being able to snooker you. Most frequently these involve leaving the cue ball on the top cushion.
colour: Any ball other than the cue ball or a red.
cross-double: A pot achieved after the object ball has hit a cushion on the opposite side of the table.
cushion: any part of the rubber surrounds covered with baize on the inner perimeter of the table.
deadweight: the speed at which (a) the cue ball will only reach its intended target, e.g. nudge a ball (potting it or not) and stay there; or (b) the object ball will only just reach the pocket.
drag, drag shot: A shot played over a large distance but with much backspin, often utilized when delicate contact between cue ball and object ball is required. The backspin, or drag, helps to nullify the effects of any deviations in the table surface that may cause the cue ball to wander off course when played at low speed.
english: Less popular term, borrowed from pool, for spin
flat-back pack: A situation during a frame in which the first line of the remaining reds grouped together where the original pack was are in a straight horizontal line. This is significant for a player attempting to cannon the cue ball into these, as it is possible to stick on one of the reds and thus almost certainly leave no chance of a pot on the next shot.
fluke: A pot achieved by accident rather than deliberation. Although popular with audiences, flukes are not always a happy occurrence for a player because the follow-up position may not be what was intended, or be a good position to play the next shot from. In professional match-play, it is customary to apologize to your opponent after an obvious fluke.
Forced-shot: This refers to a shot in which the object ball is potted into one particular side of a pocket, in order to 'create' some angle for the cueball
frame: A single game in a match over a number of games.
frame ball: The last ball a player needs to pot to win a frame. Sometimes used figuratively to refer to the last ball which is relatively hard to pot provided the following ball(s) to be potted to win the frame are relatively easy.
free ball: If a foul shot leaves the opponent at least partially snookered (meaning that every 'ball on' is at least partially obscured by a 'ball not on', i.e. for every 'ball on' a 'ball not on' prevents it from being hit in a straight line on any edge), the opponent can elect to play another ball in place of the obscured ball. This is known as a free ball.
half-century: A break of 50 points or more.
in-hand: the cue-ball is 'in-hand' when the player is allowed to place it anywhere in the 'D'. This occurs at the start of the frame. and also after the cue-ball has been pocketed or forced off the table.
jaws: the curved area of the cushions near a pocket
kick: An unexpectedly poor contact between cue ball and object ball (possibly caused by chalk or dirt on either of the balls, or by static electricity). This often causes the cue ball to "jump" off the table, and destroys the intended angle on the object ball. Also see: mis-cue.
kiss: A soft contact between two balls.
massé: A shot played with the cue held in an almost vertical position - used to impart extreme swerve on the cue ball. Rarely played in a proper game - more commonly seen in trick-shot demonstrations.
match ball: The last ball a player needs to pot to win the match. Sometimes used figuratively to refer to the last ball which is relatively hard to pot provided the following ball(s) to be potted to win the match are relatively easy.
maximum: The maximum (without fouls) possible score of 147, scored in a single break. This is a rare achievement, only 8 players have achieved it more than once in World Ranking Tournaments.
miss: A miss will be called if a player does not hit the 'ball on' first and is deemed by the referee to not have made a good enough attempt at the shot. This gives his opponent the option to have the balls replaced as they were and have the fouling player take his shot again. The applied interpretation of the rule has proved controversial. Frequently players will attempt to hit a shot thinly, so as to avoid leaving his opponent a chance, and this can lead to a relatively easy shot to hit being retaken several times.
mis-cue: A poor contact between the cue and cue ball, usually due to poor cue-action. Also see: kick.
nap: The alignment of the fibres of the cloth. This alignment causes shots played slowly across the table to curve slightly towards the top (black) end of the table.
pack: The red balls in their initial position, or, later in a game, the remaining reds grouped together roughly in the initial position.
plant: Hitting one ball first, which in turn (possibly indirectly) causes another ball to be potted. This is legal only when either both balls are red or when the ball hit first is a free ball and the ball potted is a ball which would normally have been 'on' if no free ball were given.
pot: To hit (a ball) into one of the pockets. Strictly speaking, the term 'pot' refers only to a ball entering a pocket during the course of a legal. If the cue ball enters the pocket, or during any shot during which a foul occurs, any ball entering a pocket has been 'pocketed' but not 'potted'. The distinction is that a player scores for a 'pot', but not for a so-called pot during a foul.
push shot/push stroke: The cue tip maintains contact with the cue ball when the cue ball hits another ball. This is normally deemed a foul, unless the cue and object ball were already almost touching each other and the object ball is hit on a very fine edge.
re-rack: Agreement by both players to restart the frame. This is a rare occurrence, and happens when the balls are placed such that neither player dares attempt a positive shot, due to the near-certainty of leaving an easy shot for his opponent.
re-spotted black: When the frame ends with both players having the same number of points, the black is put back on its spot, with the cue ball in hand. The winner of a coin toss chooses whether he or (almost always) his opponent will play first, with the first player to pot the black winning the frame. If a foul shot is committed by either player, that player loses the frame.
roll through, or follow-through: A shot played with topspin and making a full contact with the object ball, allowing the cue ball to follow the path of the object.
roll-up: A shot played at a slow pace to simply leave the cue ball behind a colour (usually at the baulk end), which often leaves a difficult snooker to escape from.
running side: Side that is used to widen the angle that the cue-ball takes after contact with a cushion or another ball.
safety: A shot not with the intention to pot a ball, but to leave the opponent with little or no opportunity to make a pot on his next shot.
screw, screw shot: A shot with heavy back spin, causing the cue-ball to travel back towards the striker after hitting the object ball
see a ball: (of a player) to be able to make the cue ball touch the object ball directly, after covering a straight path.
shot to nothing: A shot in which the only ball the player could leave his opponent a chance with is the one he is attempting to pot. These often involve leaving the cue ball in the baulk area of the table, and are often thin cuts from distance.
side, side spin: A shot played with the cue striking the white to one side of centre, used to change the angle at which the white bounces off a cushion, or off another ball.
snooker: A snooker is a shot that leaves the opponent unable to hit a legal ball directly. The opponent is then said to be snookered. If potting all the remaining balls (and allowing for a black after every red) would still leave a player trailing his opponent, then he is said to be needing snookers - this stage of a game is accordingly called snookers required. At this point the only way for him to win is to lure the opponent into making fouls. The official term is slightly different: A free ball is awarded if the player is snookered after his opponents foul - that means that the word snooker is every situation where you can't cut the 'ball on' on both sides. That means that being snookered does not always mean you can't hit the ball.
stun shot: A shot played with exactly enough backspin such that the cue ball stops dead upon contact with the object ball. It is also possible to stun across, achieved again by using a precise amount of backspin, but this time hitting the object slightly off centre, causing the two balls to travel perpendicular to each other.
stun-run-through shot: Same shot as the stun shot, but hit only a fraction higher, which causes the cue ball to run a bit after contact with the object ball. The reason to play the shot is that you can strike the ball firmly, without causing too much action in the cue ball.
swerve: A shot played with extreme side spin causing the cue ball's trajectory to be curved. Mainly used to escape from difficult snookers, although sometimes as a pot.
top spin: A shot played by striking the white slightly above centre, causing the ball to accelerate after contact with an object ball.
touching ball: Situation in which the cue ball is touching another ball. The cue ball must be played away from the touching ball. If this is a ball that is to be hit, the ball counts as having been hit. If the ball that is touching the cue ball is caused to move while the shot is being played, then a foul will be called (see push shot).