Mourning
From Free net encyclopedia
Mourning is in the simplest sense synonymous with grief over the death of someone.
The word is also used to describe a cultural complex of behaviours in which the bereaved participate in, or are expected to participate.
Image:Margaret of Austria mourning 1666.jpg
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Social customs and dress
Western Europe to the 19th Century
Image:Mary qos mourning.jpg The custom of wearing unadorned black clothing for mourning dates back at least to the Roman Empire, when the toga pulla made of dark-colored wool was worn during periods of mourning.
Through the Middle Ages and Renaissance, distinctive mourning was worn for general as well as personal loss; after the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre of Huguenots in France, Elizabeth I of England and her court are said to have dressed in full mourning to receive the French Ambassador.
The colour of mourning in medieval Europe was white rather than black. This tradition survived in Spain until the end of the fifteenth century. It was the custom of the Queens of France to wear white veils for mourning; this is the origin of the white mourning wardrobe created by Norman Hartnell for a later Queen Elizabeth in 1938.
United Kingdom
By the 19th century, mourning behaviour in England had developed into a complex set of rules, particularly among the upper classes. Women bore the greatest burden of these customs. They involved wearing heavy, concealing, black clothing, and the use of heavy veils of black crêpe. The entire ensemble was colloquially known as widow's weeds (from the Old English "Waed" meaning "garment").
Special caps and bonnets, usually in black or other dark colours, went with these ensembles. There was even special mourning jewelry, often made of jet. The wealthy could also wear cameos or lockets designed to hold a lock of hair or some similar relic of the deceased.
Widows were expected to wear special clothes to indicate that they were in mourning for up to four years after the death. To remove the costume earlier was thought disrespectful to the decedent, and if the widow was still young and attractive, sexually promiscuous. Those subject to the rules were slowly allowed to re-introduce conventional clothing at different time periods; stages were known by such terms as "full mourning", "half mourning", and similar terms.
Friends, acquaintances and employees wore mourning to a greater or lesser degree depending on their relationship with the deceased. In general, servants wore black armbands when there had been a death in the household.
Formal mourning culminated during the reign of Queen Victoria. Victoria herself may have had much to do with the practice, due to her long and conspicuous grief over the death of her husband, Prince Albert. Although fashions began to be more functional and less restrictive for the succeeding Edwardians, appropriate dress for men and women, including that for the period of mourning, was still strictly proscribed and rigidly adhered to.
The rules were gradually relaxed and acceptable practice for both sexes became to dress in dark colours for up to a year after a death in the family.
United States
Mourning generally followed English forms. In the antebellum South, with social mores that rivaled those of England, mourning was just as strictly observed. The sequence in the book and film of Gone with the Wind in which Scarlett O’Hara scandalizes the attendees at a ball by accepting Rhett Butler’s invitation to dance, despite the fact that she is in mourning for her late husband, accurately reflects the social customs of the time.
The loss of the male head of the family had serious ramifications for American Indian widows; mourning among some tribes included the extreme act of cutting off of a finger
Continental Europe
Portugal, in rural areas widows will wear black for the rest of their lives. The immediate family members of the deceased will wear black for an extended period of time.
Africa
Bark cloth, a rough traditional fabric, was worn in some communities to denote that family members were in mourning. White garments are also used; following the advent of Christianity, black garments were worn, following European custom.
Ethiopia
In Ethiopia, an edir (or iddir) is a traditional community organization in which the members assist each other during the mourning process. Members pay dues to cover the funeral expenses of everyone in the entire group. Upon the death of an edir member, or someone in the member's family, the entire edir is obligated to mourn with the family in the member's house for three full days.
Asia
State & Official mourning
State mourning, or in the case of monarchies, court mourning, refers to displays of mourning behavior on the death of a public figure or member of a royal family.
The degree and duration of public mourning is generally decreed by a protocol officer. It was not unusual for the British court to declare that all citizens should wear full mourning for a specified period after the death of the monarch, or that the members of the court should wear full- or half-mourning for an extended period. On the death of Queen Victoria, (January 1901), the Canada Gazette published an "extra" edition announcing that court mourning would continue until January 24, 1902, and directing the public to wear deep mourning until March 6, 1901, and half mourning until April 17, 1901.
The black-and-white costumes designed by Cecil Beaton for the Royal Ascot sequence in My Fair Lady are inspired by the "Black Ascot" of 1910 when the court was in mourning for Victoria's son, Edward VII.
All over the world, states usually declare a period of official mourning at the demise of their Head of state. The signs may vary, but usually include the lowering or posting half-mast of flags on public buildings.
An example of this was at the death of the Emir of Kuwait in January 2006, a 40 day mourning period was declared.
On the other hand, the principle of continuity of the state must be respected. The principle is reflected in the French saying "Le Roi est mort, vive le Roi!" ("The king is dead, long live the king!"): regardless of the formalities if mourning, power has to be handed on; if the succession is uncontested, that is best done immediately. Yet a short interruption of work in the civil service may result from one or more days closing the offices, especially on the day of the state funeral.
Modern customs
Mourning attire became less customary after the mid-twentieth century, by which time it had already been determined that mourning was not to be worn in the business arena.
It is still customary, though not as universal, to indicate mourning through somber, semi-formal dress, particularly at the funeral and among the family and close friends of the deceased. As such, men often wear a suit and tie, while a woman may wear a dark-colored, long-sleeved dress or pantsuit.
A few modern customs have evolved, for example the use of sunglasses in order to hide tear-swollen eyes.
Other customs
Mourning is used as a statement of respect, solidarity or commemoration by a particular group in an unusual circumstance. For instance:
- The wearing of black armbands by the Israeli Olympic team in 1976 to commemorate the attack on the team during the 1972 Olympic Games.
- A sports team may wear black armbands, or affix a black stripe to their uniforms, for a specified time period following the death of an owner, coach, teammate or (if the decedent is a high school student), classmate.
- A community wearing special-colored ribbons on a designated day or for a particular time period. For instance, the wearing of red, white and blue following the September 11th attacks.
- Observing a "moment of silence" and/or flying flags at half-staff following a death. This most frequently happens in conjunction with national periods of mourning (such as after the death of a former President of the United States or other notable leader)(See State and Official mourning, above). However, flags are sometimes lowered to half-mast in other circumstances, such as after the death of a high school student or noted local figure; such circumstances vary widely and are usually influenced by local customs.
- Local-, state- and federal-uniformed employees who wear badges to place a black band around the badge when a fellow employee has been killed in the line of duty.
Mourning clothes of the style of times past are currently staging a minor comeback and are popular items of vintage or gothic clothing.
Religious Customs
Judaism
Shiv'ah is a Jewish mourning practice in which people adjust their behaviour as an expression of their bereavement. In the West, typically, mirrors are covered to indicate a lack of interest in personal vanity, and the bereaved person dress simply and sit on boxes rather than chairs when receiving the condolences of visitors. English speakers use the expression "to sit Shiv'ah".
Christianity
The European social forms described above are in general the Christian religious expressions transferred to the greater community.
In addition to personal mourning for a deceased loved one; Christian Churches often go into mourning symbolically during the period of Lent to commemorate the sacrifice and death of Jesus. Customs vary among the denominations and include the covering or removal of statuary, icons and paintings, and use of special liturgical colours, such as violet/purple, during Lent and Holy Week.
In more formal congregations, parishioners also dress according to specific forms during Holy Week, particularly on Maundy Thursday and Good Friday, where it is still common to wear black or sombre dress or, as mentioned, the liturgical color purple.
Hinduism
Hinduism considers death and birth to be connected with ritual impurity. This impurity is more severe during the death than at birth, so a death requires 12 days of ritual impurity (applied to all the members of the direct family) a birth only 10 days (applied only to the parents of the new-born child).
Hindu mourning begins immediately after the cremation of the body and ends on the morning of the thirteenth day. Traditionally the body is cremated within 24 hours after death, however the cremations are not held after sunset and before sunrise.
Immediately after the death an oil lamp is lit near the deceased and this lamp is kept burning for the first three days of the 12 day mourning period. During these mourning days, the immediate blood family is considered to be in a state of extreme ritual impurity and bound by several rules. They must not touch or go near the family shrine, must not enter a temple or any sacred place, must not take part in any other religious functions (except funerals), must not recite or read from the holy scriptures, must not visit other family members or friends, must not attend social functions like marriages, parties etc. On the day on which the death has occured, the family must not cook as it is considered to be inappropriate to light the family hearth when one of the family member is being cremated, hence usually close family and friends will provide food for the mourning family.
If the death has occurred away from home and there is a delay in the cremation process, the family has to follow these rules even though the formal mourning period has not actually commenced, the actual mourning period of 12 days begins immediately after the cremation ceremony of the dead has been completed.
White (the colour of purity) is also the colour of mourning and many will wear white during the mourning period. If a religious festival falls during this period of mourning, the family cannot celebrate the festival as they are in a state of ritual impurity. It is prohibited for other family members or friends to eat or drink in the house of the family who are in mourning.
Death is not seen as the final "end", but is seen as a turning point in the seemingly endless journey of the indestructible "atman" or the soul through innumerable bodies of animals and people. Hence Hinduism, prohibits excessive mourning or lamentation upon death, as this can hinder the easy passage of the departed soul towards its journey ahead.
On the morning of the thirteenth day, a Shraddh ceremony is performed. The family wake up before sunrise and have a purifying bath. The main ceremony involves a fire sacrifice , in which offerings are given to the ancestors and to other gods, to ensure the deceased has a peaceful afterlife. Typically after the ceremony, the family cleans and washes all the idols in the family shrine and flowers, fruits, water and purified food is offered to the gods. Now the family is ready to break the period of mourning and ritual impurity and return back to daily life. Usually a modest rangoli or a kolam (decorative design)is drawn outside the house (which is erased the next day) and the family members visit a temple, the first time after the death. Generally the period of subdued mourning lasts for full 12 months, during which the family may not celebrate festivals like Diwali, attend marriages and parties. The mourning period generally comes to an end on the first anniversary on which the annual Shraddh ceremony is conducted.
Since the funeral rites are so essential, Hindus without a son to perform them have been known to adopt one, usually a younger male relative.
Other usage
Mourning may also refer to a game: Mourning (game).
See also
References
- Charles Spencer, Cecil Beaton: Stage and Film Designs, London: Academy Editions, 1975 (no ISBN)
External link:
- Victorian mourning garb at Morbid Outlook.
- Museum of Funeral Customs
- The Jewish Way in Death and Mourning By Maurice Lammeo:funebro