Bonnie and Clyde
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Image:Bc10.jpgImage:Bonnie and Clyde.jpg Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow were notorious robbers and criminals who traveled the central United States during the Great Depression. Their exploits, along with those of other criminals such as John Dillinger and Ma Barker, were known nationwide. They captivated the attention of the American press and its readership during what is sometimes referred to as the "public enemy era" — between 1931 and 1935, a period which led to the formation of the FBI. Though remembered as bank robbers, they generally were not — Barrow tended to prefer small stores or gas stations.
Bonnie Parker
Bonnie Elizabeth Parker was born October 1, 1910, in Rowena, Texas, the second of three children. Her father, a bricklayer, died when Bonnie was four, prompting her mother to move with the children to West Dallas, where they lived in dramatically reduced circumstances. Bonnie, a precocious child, distinguished herself as a student. She was always on the honor roll while in high school and excelled in creative writing. Described as intelligent and personable by those who knew her, yet also strong willed, she was an attractive young woman, petite at 4’11” and weighing only 90 pounds.
Her life took a change when, at age sixteen, she began seeing a kid from the wrong side of town, Roy Thornton. The two married on September 25 1926, but the pairing was short-lived. Bonnie, noted for homesickness throughout her short adult life, longed to be near her mother, Emma Parker. Her husband soon drifted away in spurts — once for over a year — and in January 1929, she told him they were through. Although he was sentenced to five years in prison shortly thereafter, they never divorced, and Bonnie was wearing Thornton's wedding ring when she died.
Bonnie Parker, whose talents might have taken her far from Texas, then met and fell in love with Clyde Barrow. Often portrayed as Clyde's equal in crime, Bonnie's role in the many robberies, murders, and auto thefts of the Barrow gang was usually limited to logistics support. Despite her tiny size, she was a stalwart and loyal companion to Clyde Barrow as they evaded capture and awaited the violent deaths they viewed as certain. Her fondness for creative writing and the arts found expression in poems such as "Suicide Sal" and "The Story of Bonnie and Clyde", the latter a remarkably personal account of their crime spree and looming demise. In the book Fugitives, Bonnie's mother claimed that Bonnie could not have had children, but did not say why.
Role of Bonnie Parker in the "Barrow Gang"
The role of Bonnie Parker in the Barrow Gang crimes has long been a source of controversy. Gang members W.D. Jones and Ralph Fults testified that they never saw Bonnie fire a gun, and described her role as logistical (see John Neal Phillips book, Running with Bonnie & Clyde: The Ten Fast Years of Ralph Fults). In that book, Fults was adamant that Bonnie never fired a shot in any of the gang's gun battles. W.D. Jones stated under oath to the authorities, "Bonnie never packed a gun, out of the five major gun battles I was with them she never fired a gun." Writing with Phillip Steele in The Family Story of Bonnie and Clyde, Marie Barrow, Clyde's youngest sister, made the same claim: "Bonnie never fired a shot. She just followed my brother no matter where he went”. The only claim Bonnie ever fired a weapon during one of the gang's crimes came from Blanche Barrow, and is backed by a newspaper article from the Lucerne, Indiana, newspaper on May 13, 1933. However, this is questionable as no charges were ever taken out on either woman for that alleged act. By this account, Bonnie would had been firing a "Machine gun" - however, the only "Machine gun" (fully automatic firing weapon) Clyde (or anyone in the Barrow Gang) was ever known to use was the Browning Automatic Rifle (B.A.R.), it is highly improbable that someone of Bonnies size and stature could have handled such a weapon.
Clyde Barrow
Clyde "Champion" Chesnut Barrow was born on March 24, 1909 in Ellis County, Texas, near Telico (just south of Dallas). However according to some reputable sourcesTemplate:Ref), the year of his birth was 1910. He was the fifth child of seven children in a poor farming family.Template:Fact Clyde was first arrested in late 1926, after running when police confronted him over a rental car he had failed to return on time. His second arrest, with brother Buck Barrow, came soon after — this time for possession of stolen goods (turkeys). In both of these instances there is the remote possibility that Clyde acted without criminal intent. However, despite holding down "square" jobs during the period 1927 through 1929, he also cracked safes, burgled stores, and stole cars. Known primarily for robbing banks, he preferred smaller jobs, robbing grocery stores and filling stations at a rate far outpacing the ten to fifteen bank robberies attributed to him and the Barrow gang. According to John Neal Phillips, Clyde's goal in life was not to gain fame and fortune from robbing banks, but to eventually seek revenge against the Texas Prison system for the abuses he suffered while serving time, which he eventually achieved in the famous "Eastham breakout" of 1934, freeing Henry Methvin, Raymond Hamilton and several others. Unfortunately, the death of a guard (killed by Joe Palmer) during that escape brought the full power of the Texas and federal governments to bear on the manhunt for Bonnie and Clyde, and directly resulted in their deaths. It was an expensive revenge for all concerned, Major Clawson, the guard who died in the breakout, and the convicts who were hunted down one by one, and all but Methvin, killed or executed.
Meeting of Bonnie and Clyde
There is some disagreement over how Bonnie and Clyde first met, but the most prevalent story is that it was through Clyde's friend Clarence Clay. In another account, they met when he visited one of her girlfriends, who sent him to the kitchen to meet "a nice girl." All stories agree on one thing: it was love at first sight for them both.
Prison and release
By mid-February 1930, Clyde and Bonnie were seeing each other regularly, to the point where the police staked out her mother's house hoping to catch the wanted Barrow. They arrested him there, and he was sentenced to prison for two years (seven concurrent, two-year terms for burglary and auto theft). Except for a one-week escape ending with his recapture in Ohio, Clyde remained incarcerated in the Texas state prison at Eastham Farm until early 1932. It was there, at Eastham Camp 1, that it appears he first killed another man — a fellow prisoner named "Big Ed", alleged to have beaten and raped Clyde. A prisoner serving a life sentence took the blame willingly for this killing. Fellow inmate Ralph Fults said that it was Eastham where Clyde turned "from a schoolboy to a rattlesnake" (see John Neal Phillips's book Running with Bonnie & Clyde: The Ten Fast Years of Ralph Fults).
After his release in 1932, Clyde moved to Massachusetts, purportedly to make a clean start. However, he returned to Texas within weeks, embroiled in a plan to raid Eastham prison and free associate Raymond Hamilton and others. He recruited help and set about arming and financing the operation.
In April, a night watchman saw Barrow and Ralph Fults breaking into a hardware store (the location of the store is disputed; local newspapers reported that it was Mabank, Texas). They escaped after exchanging fire, rejoined Bonnie, and attempted to leave the "hot" area. The incident followed a pattern for Bonnie and Clyde that persisted until their deaths — desperate evasion at high speed down sometimes impassable roads, stealing cars and swapping stolen plates regularly. Though Clyde's astounding driving skill and ability to evade capture were later grudgingly respected by law enforcement, this situation ended poorly, perhaps because the gang was finally reduced to stealing mules for transportation in the Texas farm country. Clyde escaped, and Bonnie and Fults were arrested. She claimed to have been kidnapped, and a grand jury failed to indict her. Having spent two months in the Kaufman, Texas jail, Bonnie returned to Dallas in June 1932, and was soon back on the road with Clyde.
Murder
While Bonnie had been in jail, Clyde had participated in the murder of a store owner during a robbery, allegedly as the driver. However, the police showed the wife of the murder victim a photo of Clyde, and she selected him as one of the shooters. In August 1932, while Bonnie was visiting her mother, Clyde and two associates were drinking alcohol at a dance in Oklahoma (illegal under prohibition). When they were approached by the local sheriff and his undersheriff, Ray Hamilton and Clyde opened fire, killing the undersheriff. That was the first killing of a lawman by what was later known as the Barrow gang.
Highwaymen
Between 1932 and 1934, there were several incidents in which the Barrow gang kidnapped lawmen or robbery victims, usually releasing them far from home, sometimes with money to help them get back. Stories of these encounters may have contributed to the mythic aura of Bonnie and Clyde; a couple both reviled and adored by the public. Clyde and many of his partners would not hesitate to shoot anybody, civilian or lawman, if they felt their own safety or mobility were in jeopardy. Clyde was a probable shooter in approximately ten murders. Other members of the Barrow gang known or thought to have murdered are Raymond Hamilton, W.D. Jones, Buck Barrow, Joe Palmer, and Henry Methvin.
Given the gang's relatively long crime spree, combined with the large number of guns, cars, and people that floated through it, history books can only speculate with regard to details and direct responsibility for many robberies and killings assigned to Bonnie and Clyde. Many of their crimes were committed in remote areas with few witnesses and limited forensics capabilities. Bonnie herself was never implicated for killing anyone in these shootings.
Joplin
On March 22 1933, Clyde's brother Buck was granted a full pardon and released from prison. By April, he and his wife Blanche were living with W.D. Jones, Clyde, and Bonnie in a temporary hideout in Joplin, Missouri — according to some accounts, merely to visit and attempt to talk Clyde into giving himself up. As was common with Bonnie and Clyde, their next brush with the law arose from their generally suspicious behavior, not because their identities were discovered. Not knowing what awaited them, local lawmen assembled only a two-car force to confront the suspected bootleggers living in the rented apartment over a garage. Though caught by surprise, Clyde, noted for remaining cool under fire, was gaining far more experience in gun battles than most lawmen. He and W.D. Jones quickly killed one lawman and fatally wounded another. The survivors later testified that their side had fired only fourteen rounds in the conflict.
The Barrow gang was able to get away at Joplin, but W.D. Jones was wounded, and they had left most of their possessions at the rented apartment — including a camera with an exposed roll of pictures. The film was developed by the Joplin Globe, and yielded many now famous photos, two of which are shown above. Afterward, Bonnie and Clyde used coats and hats to cover the license plates of their stolen vehicles when taking pictures.
Discord
Despite the glamorous image often associated with the Barrow gang, they were desperate and discontent. Blanche Barrow recounted in a recently published manuscript much of what it was like to be constantly running.Template:Ref label Clyde was a machine behind the wheel, driving dangerous roads and searching for places where they might sleep or have a meal without being discovered. One member was always assigned watch. Short tempers led to regular arguments. Even with thousands of dollars from a bank robbery, sleeping in a bed was a luxury for a member of the Barrow gang. Sleeping peacefully was nearly impossible.
Bonnie hurt
In June 1933, while driving with W.D. Jones and Bonnie, Clyde missed some construction signs, dropping the car into a ravine. It rolled, and Bonnie was trapped beneath the burning car, suffering third degree burns to her left leg. Though she was seriously injured, Clyde's first requirement was to get them out of the area — a difficult task with the attention drawn by the accident. When finally away, their latest hostages released, Clyde insisted that Bonnie be allowed to convalesce. After meeting up with Blanche and Buck Barrow again, they stayed at one place until Buck bungled a local robbery with W.D. Jones, and killed a city marshal. The gang moved several times, eventually renting two cabins near Platte City, Missouri, the evening of July 18 1933.
Platte City
On July 18, 1933 the gang checked into the Red Crown Tourist Court in Platte City, Missouri. The courts consisted of two brick cabins joined by two single car garages. Several yards to the south stood the Red Crown Tavern, managed by Neal Houser. Houser became interested in the group when Blanche paid for dinners and beer with silver instead of currency.
When Blanche went into town to purchase bandages and atropine sulphate to treat Bonnie's leg the druggist contacted Sheriff Hawt Coffee, who decided to put the cabins under watch. Coffee had been alerted by Oklahoma, Texas and Arkansas to be on the lookout for strangers seeking such supplies. The Sheriff contacted Captain Baxter of the Highway Patrol, who called for reinforcments from Kansas City, including an Armoured car. At 11 P.M. that night Sheriff Coffee led a group of officers armed with Thompson submachine guns toward the cabins. But the sub-machine guns proved no match for the Browning Automatic Rifles of the Barrows, who had recently robbed an armory. At a high price, the gang escaped once again. Buck Barrow was shot in the head, and Blanche was nearly blinded from glass fragments in her eye. The prospects for holding out against the ensuing manhunt dwindled.
Death of Buck Barrow
On July 24 1933, the Barrow gang was ambushed at Dexfield Park, an abondoned amusment park near Dexter, Iowa. After being noticed by local citizens, it was determined that the campers were the Barrows. Surrounded by local lawmen and approximatly one hundred spectators, the Barrows once again found themselves under fire. Clyde, Bonnie, and W.D. Jones escaped on foot. Some accounts maintain that Buck was shot several more times. Buck died five days later at Kings Daughters Hospital in Iowa, of pneumonia after surgery
Final run
Bonnie and Clyde regrouped and, on November 22 1933, again escaped an ambush, while meeting family members at an impromptu rendezvous near Sowers, Texas. In January 1934, Bonnie, Clyde, Floyd Hamilton (brother of Raymond Hamilton), and Jimmy Mullens raided Eastham prison farm, freeing Raymond Hamilton, Joe Palmer, Henry Methvin, and Hilton Bybee. Joe Palmer killed one guard and, apparently, wounded another.Template:Ref Finally, Clyde had achieved his decade long goal of revenge on the Texas Department of Corrections, as the Eastham Breakout was a national embarrassment for the Department and Texas government. But it had consequences that ultimately cost the gang their lives.
As Major Clawson, the wounded guard lay dying, the head of the Texas Department of Corrections reportedly promised him every person involved in the breakout would be hunted down and killed. He kept his word, except for Henry Methvin, whose life was exchanged in return for betraying Bonnie and Clyde. The Texas Department of Corrections then contacted legandary retired manhunter and Texas Ranger Captain Frank Hamer, and convinced him to accept a commission to hunt down the Barrow Gang. Though technically retired, Hamer had been allowed to keep an active Ranger commission, (thus technically was an active Senior Ranger Captain, though drawing a retirement pension), and accepted the assignment immediately. This allowing a retired Ranger to keep an active commission was so unusual - it had not been done before or since - that commission is displayed in the state archives in Austin for public display.
Bonnie, Clyde and Henry Methvin killed two young highway patrolmen near Grapevine, Texas, on April 1, 1934, an eyewitness account stated that Methvin fired the lethal shots. John Treherne exhaustively investigated this shooting, and found that Methvin fired the first shot, after assuming Clyde wanted them killed. (Clyde was preparing to capture them and take them on one of his famous rides) Clyde then fired at the second officer, having no choice once Methvin had begun a gun battle with law officers, and Methvin is believed to have been the primary killer on both. But these particularly senseless killings shocked and outraged the public, which to this point had tended to idolize Bonnie and Clyde. Another policeman was killed five days later near Commerce, Oklahoma.
Death
Bonnie and Clyde were ambushed and killed May 23 1934, on a desolate road near their Bienville Parish, Louisiana, hideout. They were shot by a posse of four Texas and two Louisiana officers (the Louisiana pair added solely for jurisdictional reasons — an aspect of pre-FBI America that Clyde had exploited to its fullest when selecting robbery and hideout locations). The posse was led by Texas Ranger Senior Captain Frank A. Hamer, who had never before seen Bonnie or Clyde. He had begun tracking the pair on February 10 1934, after being hired by the Texas Department of Corrections with specific orders to put an end to Bonnie and Clyde by any means necessary, and within a month or two, had met in Bienville Parish with a representative of Henry Methvin's parents.
Hamer studied Bonnie and Clyde's movements, and found they swung in a circle skirting the edges of five states in the midwest, to take advantage of what was then called the "state line" rule, that officers from one jurisdiction could not pursue a fugitive into another. Bonnie and Clyde were masters of that pre-FBI rule, but they were consistent in their movements, so that they could see their own families, and those of their gang members. Unfortunately for them, it allowed an experienced manhunter like Hamer to immediately chart their path, and predict where they would be going. They were due next to see Henry Methvin's family, which explains Hamer's meeting with them within a month of beginning the hunt.
On May 21 1934, the four posse members from Texas were in Shreveport, Louisiana, when they learned that Bonnie and Clyde were to go there that evening with Methvin. Clyde had designated Methvin's parents' Bienville Parish house as a rendezvous, in case they were later separated. Methvin was separated from Bonnie and Clyde in Shreveport, and the full posse, consisting of Capt. Hamer, Dallas County Sheriff's Deputies Bob Alcorn and Ted Hinton (who had met Clyde in the past) former Texas Ranger B. M. "Manny" Gault, Bienville Parrish Sheriff Henderson Jordan and his deputy, Prentiss Oakley, set up an ambush at a rendezvous point along Highway 154, between Gibsland and Sailes. They were in place by 21:00, waiting all through the next day (May 22), but with no sign of Bonnie and Clyde.
At approximately 09:10 on May 23, the posse, concealed in the bushes and almost ready to concede defeat, heard Clyde's stolen Ford V-8 approaching. The posse's official report has Clyde stopping to speak with Henry Methvin's father — planted there with his truck that morning to distract Clyde and force him into the lane closest to the posse — the lawmen opened fire, killing Bonnie and Clyde while shooting a combined total of approximately 130 rounds. The posse, under Hamer's direct orders, did not call out a warning, or order the duo to surrender. Clyde was killed instantly from Oakley's initial head shot. Its motor running, the car traveled fifty yards in first gear to a point where it stopped against an embankment. Bonnie did not die as easily as Clyde. The posse reported her uttering a long, horrified and pain filled scream as the bullets tore into the car, and her. The vast majority of the bullets -over 100 rounds - were fired while the car was directly across from the waiting posse. Four of them were shooting fully automatic rifles and emptied a number of magazines during the action. Following the ambush, officers inspected the death vehicle and discovered a small arsenal of weapons including stolen automatic rifles, semi-automatic shotguns, assorted handguns, and several thousand rounds of ammunition.
Bonnie and Clyde were known to have wished to be buried side by side, but the Parker family would not allow it. Bonnie's funeral was attended by over 20,000 people. Clyde Barrow is buried in the Western Heights Cemetery, and Bonnie Parker in the Crown Hill Memorial Park, both in Dallas, Texas. The bullet-riddled Ford in which Bonnie and Clyde were killed is currently on display (February 2006) at the Primm Valley Resort in Primm, Nevada.
Controversy and Aftermath
Controversy lingers over certain aspects of the shooting. Should Bonnie Parker's life have been spared? No jurisdiction checked by Treherne, or E.R. Milner, showed warrants for Bonnie Parker for murder. In fact, the only warrant for Bonnie Parker in the FBI files is one for aiding Clyde in the interstate transportation of a stolen vehicle. Should Hamer have ordered to fire without warning, no matter what happened, prior to the car's arrival? Should Prentis Oakley have fired the first shot without warning, into Clyde Barrow's head? Should the posse have continued to fire once Clyde was dead? Oakley is reported to have been haunted for the rest of his life by his actions that day. He was the only posse member to publicly express regret for his actions. Should the posse, including Frank Hamer, have taken and kept for themselves stolen guns that were found in the death car? These questions have been asked since the day of the ambush.
In a grisly aftermath, the men left to guard the bodies, Gault, Oakley, and Alcorn, allowed people to cut off locks of Bonnie's hair and tear pieces from her dress. Hinton returned to find a man trying to cut off Clyde's finger (The Strange Life of Bonnie and Clyde by John Treherne; also Ambush by Ted Hinton). With the growing outcry over the Bonnie and Clyde crime spree in which law enforcement had been thwarted repeatedly, even officials from outside Louisiana had been given a free hand toward the goal of ending it. The coroner, arriving on the scene, saw the following: "nearly everyone had begun collecting souvenirs such as shell casings, slivers of glass from the shattered car windows, and bloody pieces of clothing from the garments of Bonnie and Clyde. One eager man had opened his pocket knife, and was reaching into the car to cut off Clyde's left ear." (Quoted from "Death Came Out to Meet Them, from The Lives and Times of Bonnie and Clyde, by E.R. Milner.) The coroner realized he could not even do his job in a "circus like atmosphere," and asked Hamer for help. Hamer was speaking to a group of people while others were cutting bloody locks from Bonnie's hair, and pieces from her clothes. Most of these souvenirs were later sold, conduct which many people found horrifying, as recounted in Treherne's book; see also The Real Bonnie and Clyde by Miriam Deford. Only when the coroner intervened did Hamer order people away from the car (page 147 of Milner's book).
Finally, after Ted Hinton's death, his son published an account of the ambush radically different from anything stated before. According to Hinton, the posse had literally tied Henry Methvin's father to a tree the night before the ambush, to keep him from possibly warning the duo off. The conventional belief that Methvin cooperated with authorities was a lie, according to Hinton, one that Hamer came up with to keep from getting in trouble over kidnapping a citizen not wanted for any crime. Hinton claimed Hamer made Methvin a deal: keep quiet about being tied up, and he would get his son a pardon for the murder of the two young highway patrolmen. Hinton then claimed Hamer made every member of the posse swear they would keep this secret as long as any of them lived. Hinton only released this story after his death, through his son. It is notable that Hamer did indeed get the pardon for Henry Methvin for the two murders of the young highway patrolmen.
Remembering Bonnie and Clyde
Every year near the anniversary of the ambush, a "Bonnie and Clyde Festival" is hosted in the town of Gibsland, Louisiana.Template:Ref The ambush location, still comparatively isolated on Highway 154 south of Gibsland, is commemorated by a stone marker that has been defaced to near illegibility by souvenir thieves and gunshotTemplate:Ref. A small metal version was added to accompany the stone monument. It was stolen, as was its replacement.
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Bonnie and Clyde in popular culture
Bonnie and Clyde were among the first celebrity criminals of the modern era, and their legend has proven durable, and perhaps larger than their life. Certainly Bonnie knew how to enhance the pair's popular appeal by manipulating the media, and she unquestionably appealed to the out of work and generally disenfranchised third of America shattered by the Depression, who saw the duo as a Robin Hood like couple striking blows at an uncaring government. Clyde is alleged to have written a letter to the Ford Motor Company praising their "dandy car", signing it "Clyde Champion Barrow", though the handwriting has never been authenticated. (Ford received a similar letter around the same time from someone claiming to be John Dillinger and used both for car advertisements.) Bonnie's poem, "The Story of Bonnie and Clyde", was published in several newspapers. Her other poetry, especially "Suicide Sal", shows her flair for an underworld vernacular that owes much to the detective magazines she read avidly.
The first film based on Bonnie and Clyde was made only three years after their deaths. You Only Live Once (1937) was directed by Fritz Lang and starred Henry Fonda and Sylvia Sidney.
Image:Bonnie and Clyde.JPG Dorothy Provine starred in the 1958 movie The Bonnie Parker Story, directed by William Witney.
In 1967, Arthur Penn directed a romanticized film version of the tale. Bonnie and Clyde, which starred Warren Beatty and Faye Dunaway, was critically acclaimed and contributed significantly to the glamorous image of the criminal pair. In December of that year, Serge Gainsbourg recorded his song "Bonnie and Clyde" as a duet with Brigitte Bardot (in the 1990s Gainsbourg's song was covered by the alternative rock band Luna).
In the 1992 TV film, Bonnie & Clyde: The True Story, Tracey Needham played Bonnie while Clyde was portrayed by Dana Ashbrook.
The lead characters of Mickey and Mallory in the 1994 Oliver Stone film, Natural Born Killers bear many similarities to Bonnie and Clyde, particularly in the media attention that the pair received for their crimes.
In 1968, Merle Haggard had a hit single with his song "Legend of Bonnie and Clyde". Country Singer Travis Tritt also recorded a song called Modern Day Bonnie And Clyde, about a Man and Woman on a crime spree. Georgie Fame and the Blue Flames had a hit both sides of the Atlantic with "The Ballad of Bonnie and Clyde." In his 1996 song "Me and My Girlfriend," rapper Tupac Shakur says that he and his gun are the "'96 Bonnie and Clyde." Eminem's 1999 album The Slim Shady LP features a song called "'97 Bonnie & Clyde". Tori Amos did a cover of it on her album, Strange Little Girls. The duo is also referenced in The Tears' song "Refugees" and "'03 Bonnie and Clyde" by Beyonce and Jay-Z.
In ascertaining Bonnie and Clyde's place in popular culture, one must realize that in 1932-34, during the years of their outlawry, almost a third of Americans were out of work, and many people sympathized with Bonnie and Clyde, who they saw as striking out at the government that had failed so many families (see John Treherne's The Strange History of Bonnie & Clyde). The duo struck a nerve, then and today, with the disenfranchised, and the wild at heart, and Treherne believes that people saw Bonnie and Clyde as being willing to strike a blow they themselves would have enjoyed striking. Even today people glamorize the couple for refusing to accept poverty and striking back against authority (see The Lives and Times of Bonnie and Clyde by E. R. Milner). Milner was doubtless right when he states Bonnie and Clyde touched a nerve with those who also felt ambushed by an uncaring establishment.
See also
References
- Template:Note Template:Note label Barrow, Blanche Caldwell; Phillips, John Neal (Ed.) (2004). My Life With Bonnie & Clyde. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0806136251.
- Template:Note Knight, James R.; Davis, Jonathan (2003). Bonnie and Clyde: A Twenty-First-Century Update. Eakin Press. ISBN 1571687947.
- Template:Note Phillips, John Neal (2004). Bonnie & Clyde's Revenge on Eastham. American History Magazine. Accessed June 18 2005.
- Template:Note Washington Times, The (2004). Bonnie and Clyde live on. Accessed June 17 2005.
- Template:Note Butler, Steven (2003). In Search of Bonnie and Clyde in Louisiana. Accessed June 17 2005.
- Template:Note Took no chances, Hinton and Alcorn tell Newspapermen Wednesday Night's Extra, Dallas Dispatch. Accessed Jan 17 2006.
7.Treherne, John (2000). The Strange History of Bonnie & Clyde. Cooper Square Press. ISBN 0815411065.
8. DeFord, Miriam Allen (1968). The Real Bonnie and Clyde. Sphere Books.
9.Hinton, Ted; Grove, Larry (1979). The Real Story of Bonnie and Clyde. Shoal Creek Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0883190419.
10. Shelton, Gene (1997). The Life and Times of Frank Hamer. Berkeley Books. ISBN 0425159736. Matteson, Jason, 'Texas Bandits: A Study of the 1948 Democratic Primary"
11. Cartledge, Rick "The Guns of Frank Hamer,"
12. Milner, E.R. The Lives and Times of Bonnie and Clyde
13. Steele, Phillip, and Scoma Barrow, Marie, The Family Story of Bonnie and Clyde
14. Phillips, John Neal, Running with Bonnie & Clyde: The Ten Fast Years of Ralph Fults.
External links
- Bonnie and Clyde's Hideout (pictures and documents)
- Riding with Bonnie and Clyde, by W.D. Jones (Playboy Magazine, November 1968)
- http://www.cinetropic.com/janeloisemorris/commentary/bonn
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