Canton in France
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Cantons are administrative divisions of France.
They are subdivisions of arrondissements and départements, often grouping several municipalities (communes).
Cantons number 3,879 among the 329 arondissements and 96 departments of France.
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Role and Administration
The role of the canton is essentially to provide a framework for regional elections. Each canton elects a person to represent it at the conseil général du département — or general council for the department, which is the principal administrative division in France.
In urban areas a single commune — or municipality — can generally include several cantons. Conversely, in rural areas a canton can be made of several small communes, in which case administrative services (the gendarmerie headquarters, for example) are often situated in the principal town (chef-lieu) of a rural canton.
For statistical purposes, the twenty arrondissements of Paris — the administrative subdivision there — are sometimes considered as cantons, but they serve no electoral function in that city.
Cantons also form legal districts as seats of Courts of First Instance. Historically the cantons are called justices de paix — or "district courts".
History
The cantons were created in 1790 at the same time as the départements by the Revolutionary Committee for the Division of Territory (Comité de division). They were more numerous than today (between 40 and 60 to each département).
They were at first grouped into what were called districts but after the latter were abolished in 1800 they were organized into arrondissements.
Their number was drastically reduced (between 30 and 50) by the Loi du 8 pluviôse an IX (28 January 1801), or the "Law for the Reduction of the Number of District Courts", or Loi portant réduction du nombre de justices de paix in French. The departmental prefects were told by the government to group the communes within newly established cantons. The départemental lists, once approved by the government, were published in the Bulletin des Lois in 1801 and 1802; they are the base of the administrative divisions of France still in place today.
Since that time, cantons with small populations have been eliminated and new ones have been created in regions of strong growth.
Statistics
The number of cantons varies from one department to another; the Territoire de Belfort, for example, has 15, while Nord has 79. The island of Mayotte, which has an administrative form similar to that of a department, is divided into 19 cantons.
See also
- Canton (subnational entity)
- List of cantons of France
- Administrative divisions of Francean:Cantón franzés
ca:Cantó francès de:Kanton (Frankreich) es:Cantón francés eu:Kantonamendu fr:Canton français it:Cantone francese nl:Kanton (Frankrijk) pl:Kanton (Francja) ru:Кантон (Франция) sv:Frankrikes kantoner zh:乡 (法国)