Cardinal (Catholicism)

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A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official in the Roman Catholic Church, ranking just below the Pope and appointed by him as a member of the College of Cardinals during a consistory. The duties of the cardinals are to attend the meetings of the Sacred College and to make themselves available individually if the Pope desires their counsel. Most cardinals have additional duties either leading many of the church's dioceses and archdioceses or running the Roman Curia.

Upon a pope's death, the college runs the church during the sede vacante; those under 80 years old are also responsible for electing the next Pope.

Pope Sixtus V limited the number of cardinals to 70 (six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, 14 cardinal deacons). In 1975, Pope Paul VI created the age limit on electors and raised the limit to 120 cardinal electors. But the numerical limitations have been frequently disregarded in order to make the College of Cardinals a more representative body. Pope John Paul II elevated an additional 31 cardinals in a consistory on October 21, 2003, bringing the number of cardinals at that time to 194. As of John Paul II's death, 117 of the then-current 183 cardinals were young enough to be electors.

The term "cardinal" derives from the Latin cardo, or hinge, which in canon law referred to the cleric's incardination into the local church of Rome. Nowadays, the term also suggests metaphorically the fulcrum-like leadership role they play in the church at large. Because of the scarlet color of their vestments, cardinals are the namesakes for the bird of the same name.

1 Orders of cardinalate
2 Secret cardinal
3 Attributes and other privileges
4 History
5 Cardinals in popular culture
6 See also
7 Sources, References and External links

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Orders of cardinalate

Image:Vetements cardinal Gamarelli.jpg

According to Canon 350 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law, the College of Cardinals is presently divided into three orders:

the episcopal order (Cardinal Bishops),
the presbyteral order (Cardinal Priests), the most numerous group,
the diaconal order (Cardinal Deacons).

Normally there are six cardinal bishops, to each of whom the Pope assigns the title of a suburbicarian church (Velletri, Porto and Santa Rufina (formerly two suburbicariates), Albano, Frascati (Tusculum), Palestrina (Præneste), and Sabina); these six elect one of their number Dean of the College of Cardinals: the head of the order and of the whole college, the first among equals, who by tradition also holds the seventh suburbicarian see, Rome's ancient port Ostia; his election must be approved by the Pope.

At the Pope's discretion, patriarchs of Eastern Rite churches may also be appointed to the college. When created Cardinal, they become cardinal bishops, but without holding a suburbicarian see, and cannot elect the dean nor become dean.

When a Major Archbishop, also Uniate, is created Cardinal, he is always made Cardinal Priest.

Cardinal priests and cardinal deacons are each assigned a church or deaconry in Rome by the Pope. All cardinal priests and almost all cardinal deacons are actually bishops, often archbishop or even primate (religion).

Although some countries have the right to have at least one cardinal created, and the incumbents of prestigious sees are usually created cardinal, no see carries an actual right to the cardinalate, which outranks any title conferred by a see (not counting the papal bishopric of Rome, to which only Cardinals are elected).

Originally any Catholic male could be appointed to the College: for example in the 16th century Reginald Pole was a cardinal for 18 years before he was ordained a priest. Today, Canon 351 specifically requires that a cardinal at least be in the order of priesthood, and those who are not already bishops must receive episcopal consecration. Only bishops are normally created cardinals. A recent exception is Avery Cardinal Dulles, S.J., who was a priest at the time of his elevation in 2001. He successfully petitioned Pope John Paul II for a dispensation from episcopal consecration due to advanced age. Although he is not a bishop, he is still entitled to wear the episcopal vestments and regalia (miter, crozier, pectoral cross, ring) and possess a coat of arms by virtue of his status as cardinal. He is, though, restricted to the lower two orders of cardinals.

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Secret cardinal

In addition to the named cardinals, a pope may name cardinals in pectore, Latin for in the breast. A cardinal named in pectore is known only to the pope; not even the cardinal so named is necessarily aware of his elevation. Cardinals are named in pectore to protect them or their congregations from reprisals if their identities were known.

If conditions change such that a secret cardinal would be safe, the pope may at any time make public a previously in pectore cardinal, who ranks in precedence with those of his original consistory. If a pope dies before revealing the identity of an in pectore cardinal, the cardinalate expires unless it is left in writing.

This was the case with Pope John Paul II, who named an in pectore cardinal during his tenure that remained secret even after his death on April 2, 2005. Many speculated that the Holy Father's will would contain the name of the in pectore cardinal, but it did not.

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Attributes and other privileges

Image:Oconnor seal 173x200.jpg Excluding the rochet, which is always white, a cardinal wears bright scarlet garments (the blood-like red symbolizes a cardinal's willingness to die for his faith) when in choir, including the cassock, mozzetta, zucchetto, and biretta. His normal-wear simar is black but has scarlet piping and a scarlet fascia. Occasionally, a cardinal wears a scarlet ferraiolo which is a cape worn over the shoulders, tied in a bow by narrow strips of cloth in the front, without any 'trim' or piping on it.

If the cardinal is not already a bishop, he is usually ordained as bishop upon appointment. The designated cardinal however can petition the pope to dispense him from this requirement.
Cardinals place a scarlet galero with thirty tassels, the ancient symbol of their office, above their coat of arms.
Since 1630, cardinals have taken the style Eminence, and upon elevation the word "Cardinal" becomes part of the prelate's name, traditionally coming immediately before the surname. As an example, the full style of Cardinal McCarrick is "His Eminence, Theodore Cardinal McCarrick, Archbishop of Washington."
All cardinals received a gold ring, to symbolize their bond with the papacy, which is traditionally kissed by Catholics when he is greeted. These rings are designed by the pope who chooses the image on the outside, which during the papacy of Benedict XVI is a modern depiction of the crucifixion of Jesus, with Mary and John at his sides. The ring also includes the papal seal on the inside.

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History

The cardinals did not always elect the Pope; the Pope was originally elected by the clergy and the people of the Roman Church. In medieval times, Roman nobility gained influence. The Holy Roman Emperors had a hand in choosing the pontiff. But as the pope gained importance in international affairs, the right of election was given to the cardinals in 1159. However the influence of temporal rulers, notably the French kings, largely reemerged via cardinals of certain nationalities or politically significant movements.

The Pope could substitute another body of electors for the College of Cardinals at any time; in fact there have been proposals in the past to have the Synod of Bishops perform this function (the proposals have not been adopted because, among other reasons, the Synod of Bishops can only meet when called by the Pope).

In early modern times, English and French monarchs had cardinals as their chief ministers—Wolsey in England, Richelieu, Mazarin and Fleury in France. These men were cardinals, not because of their religious duties, but because it allowed their kings to pay them from church revenues. Rome accepted the loss of some revenue in order to protect the rest of its property and revenue.

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